In a registry study of 63,910 adults, 24-hour ambulatory BP was a stronger predictor of mortality than BP measured in the clinic. Masked hypertension (normal BP in the clinic but elevated ambulatory ...BP) was associated with a greater risk of death than sustained hypertension.
In the past two decades, techniques for the measurement of blood pressure outside the medical setting have unmasked highly prevalent situations. A significant proportion of patients with office blood ...pressure levels above the thresholds for diagnosing hypertension or above the limits where those being treated are considered to be adequately controlled actually show normal ambulatory blood pressure levels. These patients have white-coat hypertension if untreated or false resistance to antihypertensive therapy because of the white-coat effect if treated. However, some individuals with normal office blood pressure measurements show elevated ambulatory blood pressure levels, and thus have masked hypertension if untreated or masked uncontrolled hypertension if treated. When looking for white-coat hypertension in patients with elevated office blood pressure levels or when looking for masked hypertension in office-controlled patients, up to one in three patients in each scenario would have white-coat or masked hypertension. Although related clinical factors, such as age, gender and global cardiovascular risk, are associated with both conditions, their abilities to predict such a misclassification are very low. Thus, assessing individual blood pressure levels by means of an ambulatory technique, particularly ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, is now considered a priority in diagnosing hypertension and in evaluating hypertension control.
Abstract
Evidence of the role of cooking methods on inflammation and metabolic health is scarce due to the paucity of large-size studies. Our aim was to evaluate the association of cooking methods ...with inflammatory markers, renal function, and other hormones and nutritional biomarkers in a general population of older adults. In a cross sectional analysis with 2467 individuals aged ≥ 65, dietary and cooking information was collected using a validated face-to-face dietary history. Eight cooking methods were considered: raw, boiling, roasting, pan-frying, frying, toasting, sautéing, and stewing. Biomarkers were analyzed in a central laboratory following standard procedures. Marginal effects from generalized linear models were calculated and percentage differences (PD) of the multivariable-adjusted means of biomarkers between extreme sex-specific quintiles (Q) of cooking methods consumption were computed (Q5 − Q1/Q1 × 100). Participants’ mean age was 71.6 years (53% women). Significant PD for the highest vs lowest quintile of raw food consumption was − 54.7% for high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP), − 11.9% for neutrophils, − 11.9% for Growth Differentiation Factor-15, − 25.0% for Interleukin-6 (IL-6), − 12.3% for urinary albumin, and − 10.3% for uric acid. PD for boiling were − 17.8% for hs-CRP, − 12.4% for urinary albumin, and − 11.3% for thyroid-stimulating hormone. Concerning pan-frying, the PD was − 23.2% for hs-CRP, − 11.5% for IL-6, − 16.3% for urinary albumin and 10.9% for serum vitamin D. For frying, the PD was a 25.7% for hs-CRP, and − 12.6% for vitamin D. For toasting, corresponding figures were − 21.4% for hs-CRP, − 11.1% for IL-6 and 10.6% for vitamin D. For stewing, the PD was 13.3% for hs-CRP. Raw, boiling, pan-frying, and toasting were associated with healthy profiles as for inflammatory markers, renal function, thyroid hormones, and serum vitamin D. On the contrary, frying and, to a less extent, stewing showed unhealthier profiles. Cooking methods not including added fats where healthier than those with added fats heated at high temperatures or during longer periods of time.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem worldwide. We aimed to estimate the CKD prevalence in Spain and to examine the impact of the accumulation of cardiovascular risk ...factors (CVRF). Material and methods: We performed a nationwide, population-based survey evaluating 11,505 individuals representative of the Spanish adult population. Information was collected through standardized questionnaires, physical examination, and analysis of blood and urine samples in a central laboratory. CKD was graded according to current KDIGO definitions. The relationship between CKD and 10 CVRF was assessed (age, hypertension, general obesity, abdominal obesity, smoking, high LDL-cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes and sedentary lifestyle). Results: Prevalence of CKD was 15.1% (95% CI: 14.3–16.0%). CKD was more common in men (23.1% vs. 7.3% in women), increased with age (4.8% in 18–44 age group, 17.4% in 45–64 age group, and 37.3% in ≥65), and was more common in those with than those without cardiovascular disease (39.8% vs. 14.6%); all P < 0.001. CKD affected 4.5% of subjects with 0–1 CVRF, and then progressively increased from 10.4% to 52.3% in subjects with 2 to 8–10 CVRF (P trend <0.001). Conclusions: CKD affects one in seven adults in Spain. The prevalence is higher than previously reported and similar to that in the United States. CKD was particularly prevalent in men, older people and people with cardiovascular disease. Prevalence of CKD increased considerably with the accumulation of CVRF, suggesting that CKD could be considered as a cardiovascular condition. Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) constituye un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron estimar la prevalencia de ERC en España y evaluar el impacto de la acumulación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en la prevalencia. Material y métodos: Análisis del Estudio de Nutrición y Riesgo Cardiovascular en España (ENRICA), estudio epidemiológico de ámbito nacional, de base poblacional, con una muestra de 11.505 sujetos representativos de la población adulta española. La información se recogió mediante cuestionarios estandarizados, exploración física y colección de muestras de sangre y orina que se analizaron en un laboratorio centralizado. La ERC se definió según las guías KDIGO en curso. Se analizó la relación de la ERC con 10 FRCV (edad, hipertensión arterial, obesidad, obesidad abdominal, tabaquismo, colesterol LDL elevado, colesterol HDL disminuido, hipertrigliceridemia, diabetes y sedentarismo. Resultados: La prevalencia de ERC fue del 15,1% (IC 95%: 14,3-16,0). La ERC fue más frecuente en varones (23,1% vs. 7,3% en mujeres), según aumentaba la edad (4,8% en sujetos de 18-44 años, 17,4% en sujetos de 45-64 años, y 37,3% en sujetos ≥65 años), y en sujetos con enfermedad cardiovascular (39,8% vs. 14,6% en sujetos sin enfermedad cardiovascular); todas las comparaciones con p < 0,001. La ERC afectó al 4,5% de los sujetos con 0-1 FRCV, con un aumento progresivo desde el 10,4 al 52,3% en sujetos con 2 a 8-10 FRCV (p de tendencia <0,001). Conclusiones: La ERC afecta a uno de cada 7 adultos en España, una prevalencia más elevada que la estimada en estudios previos en nuestro país y similar a la observada en Estados Unidos. La ERC afecta particularmente a los varones, a sujetos de edad avanzada o con enfermedad cardiovascular. La prevalencia de ERC aumenta de forma marcada con la acumulación de FRCV, lo que sugiere que la ERC en la población podría considerarse como un trastorno cardiovascular. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Prevalence, Cardiovascular disease, Epidemiology, Public health, Palabras clave: Enfermedad renal crónica, Prevalencia, Enfermedad cardiovascular, Epidemiología, Salud pública
BACKGROUND AND AIM:The prevalence and associated risks of white-coat hypertension (WCH) are still a matter of debate. We aimed to assess differences in prevalence and associated conditions of WCH ...defined on the basis of the normality of all daytime, night-time, and 24-h blood pressure (BP), only daytime, or only 24-h BP.
METHODS:We selected 115 708 patients (45 020 untreated and 70 688 treated) from the Spanish Ambulatory BP Monitoring Registry. WCH was estimated in patients with elevated office BP (≥140 and/or 90 mmHg) by using normal daytime (<135/85) BP, normal 24-h BP (<130/80), or normal daytime, night-time (<120/70) and 24-h BP. Demographic and clinical data (associated risk factors and organ damage) were compared among groups.
RESULTS:Prevalence of WCH was 41.3, 35.2, and 26.1% in untreated, and 45.8, 38.9, and 27.2% in treated patients with elevated office BP, by using the criteria of daytime, 24-h, or all ambulatory periods. Compared with the normotensive group, WCH defined by normal daytime, night-time, and 24-h BP did not significantly differ in terms of other cardiovascular risk factors or organ damage. In contrast, patients from other groups (either only normal daytime BP or 24-h BP) had significantly more prevalence of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, microalbuminuria, left ventricular hypertrophy, reduced renal function, and previous history of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSION:Prevalence of WCH is dependent on definition criteria. Only diagnostic criteria which considers the normality of all ambulatory periods identifies patients with cardiovascular risk similar to normotensive patients. These results support using such criteria for a more accurate definition of WCH.
Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) can be particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of excessive blood pressure (BP) lowering by antihypertensive treatment. The identification of ...hypotension is thus especially important. This study estimated the prevalence of hypotension among CHD-treated hypertensive patients undergoing ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in routine clinical practice. We performed a cross-sectional study with 2892 CHD-treated hypertensive patients from the Spanish ABPM Registry. Based on previous studies, hypotension was defined as systolic/diastolic BP < 120 and/or 70 mmHg according to office measurements, <115 and/or 65 mmHg according to daytime ABPM, <100 and/or 50 mmHg according to nighttime ABPM, and <110 and/or 60 mmHg according to 24 h ABPM. The participants' mean age was 67.1 years (69.8% men). A total of 19.6% of the patients had office hypotension, 26.5% had daytime hypotension, 9.0% had nighttime hypotension, and 16.1% had 24-hr ABPM hypotension. Low diastolic BP values were responsible for most cases of hypotension. Fifty-eight percent of the cases of hypotension detected by daytime ABPM did not correspond to hypotension according to office BP. The variables independently associated with daytime ambulatory systolic/diastolic hypotension and diastolic hypotension (the latter being the most frequent type of ambulatory hypotension) were age, female sex, and the number of antihypertensive medications. In conclusion, in a large ABPM registry, one out of every four CHD-treated hypertensive patients was potentially at risk because of hypotension according to daytime ABPM, and more than half of them were not identified if office BP was relied on alone. We suggest that ABPM should be performed in these patients.
People with a reduced nighttime dip in blood pressure have an increased cardiovascular risk. Our objective was to describe the different patterns in blood pressure (BP) among pediatricians who work ...in long on-duty shifts in relation with sex, medical rank and sleeping time.
Descriptive, cross-sectional, two-center study. On duty pediatric Resident physicians and pediatric Consultants were recruited between January 2018 and December 2021.
Fifty-one physicians were included in the study (78.4% female, 66.7% Resident physicians). Resident physicians had a higher night/day ratio (0.91 vs 0.85; p<0.001) and a shorter nighttime period (3.87 vs 5.41, p<0.001) than Consultants. Physicians sleeping less than 5h had a higher night/day ratio (0.91 vs 0.87, p=0.014). Being a Resident showed a ∼4.5-fold increased risk of having a non-dipping BP pattern compared to Consultants.
We found a potential link between both being a Resident and, probably, having shorter sleeping time, and the non-dipping BP pattern in physicians during prolonged shifts.
Las personas con un descenso nocturno reducido de la presión arterial tienen mayor riesgo cardiovascular. Nuestro objetivo fue describir los diferentes patrones de presión arterial en los pediatras que trabajan de guardia con presencia física, en relación con el sexo, la categoría profesional y el tiempo de sueño.
Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, bicéntrico. Se reclutó a médicos residentes y adjuntos de pediatría, de guardia con presencia física, entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2021.
Fueron incluidos en el estudio 51 médicos (78,4% mujeres; 66,7% médicos residentes). Los médicos residentes presentaron un cociente de presión arterial noche/día mayor (0,91 vs. 0,85; p<0,001) y un tiempo de sueño menor (3,87 vs. 5,41; p<0,001) que los adjuntos. Los participantes que durmieron menos de 5horas presentaron un cociente de presión arterial noche/día mayor (0,91 vs. 0,87; p=0,014). Ser médico residente demostró tener aumentado el riesgo de presentar un patrón no dipper en más de 4,5 veces respecto a los médicos adjuntos.
Encontramos un vínculo potencial entre ser médico residente y, probablemente, tener menos horas de sueño, y el patrón de no descenso nocturno de la presión arterial en los médicos durante las guardias de presencia física.
Background Previous studies have examined control rates of office blood pressure (BP) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, recent evidence suggests major discrepancies between office and 24-hour ...BP values in hypertensive populations. This study examined concordance/discordance between office- and ambulatory-based BP control in a large cohort of patients with CKD. Study Design Cross-sectional. Setting & Participants 5,693 hypertensive individuals with CKD stages 1-5 from the Spanish ABPM (ambulatory BP monitoring) Registry. Predictors Thresholds of 140/90 and 130/80 mm Hg for office BP and 24-hour ambulatory BP, respectively. Age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension duration, kidney measures, diabetes, dyslipidemia, target-organ damage, and cardiovascular comorbid conditions. Outcomes Misclassification of BP control as “white-coat” hypertension (office BP ≥140/90 mm Hg, 24-hour BP <130/80 mm Hg) or masked hypertension (office BP <140/90 mm Hg, 24-hour BP ≥130/80 mm Hg). Measurements Standardized office-based BP and 24-hour ABPM. Results Mean age was 61.0 ± 13.9 (SD) years and 52.6% were men. The proportion with white-coat hypertension was 28.8% (36.8% of patients with office BP ≥140/90 mm Hg) and that of masked hypertension was 7.0% (but 32.1% of patients with office BP <140/90 mm Hg). Female sex, aging, obesity, and target-organ damage were associated with white-coat hypertension; aging and obesity were associated with masked hypertension. Only 21.7% and 8.1% of the CKD population had office BP <140/90 and <130/80 mm Hg, respectively. In contrast, 43.5% of individuals had average 24-hour BP <130/80 mm Hg. Limitations Cross-sectional design, longitudinal associations cannot be established. Conclusions Misclassification of BP control at the office was observed in 1 of 3 hypertensive patients with CKD. Ambulatory-based control rates were far better than office-based rates. Nevertheless, the burden of uncontrolled ambulatory BP and misclassification of BP control at the office constitutes a call for wider use of ABPM to evaluate the success of hypertension treatment in patients with CKD.
Background
We aimed to estimate the prevalence of refractory hypertension (RfH) and to determine the clinical differences between these patients and resistant hypertensives (RH). Secondly, we ...assessed the prevalence of white‐coat RfH and clinical differences between true‐ and white‐coat RfH patients.
Methods and Results
The present analysis was conducted on the Spanish Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Registry database containing 70 997 treated hypertensive patients. RH and RfH were defined by the presence of elevated office blood pressure (≥140 and/or 90 mm Hg) in patients treated with at least 3 (RH) and 5 (RfH) antihypertensive drugs. White‐coat RfH was defined by RfH with normal (<130/80 mm Hg) 24‐hour blood pressure. A total of 11.972 (16.9%) patients fulfilled the standard criteria of RH, and 955 (1.4%) were considered as having RfH. Compared with RH patients, those with RfH were younger, more frequently male, and after adjusting for age and sex, had increased prevalence of target organ damage, and previous cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of white coat RfH was lower than white‐coat RH (26.7% versus 37.1%, P<0.001). White‐coat RfH, in comparison with those with true RfH, showed a lower prevalence of both left ventricular hypertrophy (22% versus 29.7%; P=0.018) and microalbuminuria (28.3% versus 42.9%; P=0.047).
Conclusions
The prevalence of RfH was low and these patients had a greater cardiovascular risk profile compared with RH. One out of 4 patients with RfH have normal 24‐hour blood pressure and less target organ damage, thus indicating the important role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in guiding antihypertensive therapy in difficult‐to‐treat patients.
Chronic kidney disease entails a high disease burden that is progressively increasing due to population aging. However, evidence on the effect of the Mediterranean diet on renal function is limited, ...in particular among older adults in Mediterranean countries.
Prospective cohort study with 975 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 recruited during 2008-2010 in Spain and followed up to 2015. At baseline, food consumption was obtained using a validated dietary history. Two Mediterranean dietary patterns were used: (i) An a priori-defined pattern, the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS score: low adherence: 0-5 points; moderate: 6-8 points; high: 9-14 points); (ii) An
Mediterranean-like dietary pattern, based on 36 food groups, which was generated using factor analysis. Renal function decline was calculated as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decrease ≥1 mL/min/1.73 m
per year of follow-up.
A total of 104 cases of renal function decline occurred. Compared with participants with a low MEDAS adherence, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confident interval) for renal function decline risk were 0.63 (0.38-1.03) for moderate adherence, and 0.52 (0.29-0.95) for high adherence (
-trend: 0.015). Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for renal function decline risk according to increasing quartiles of the adherence to the
Mediterranean-like dietary pattern were 1.00, 0.67 (0.38-1.20), 0.65 (0.35-1.19), and 0.47 (0.23-0.96) (
-trend: 0.042).
A higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of renal function decline in older adults, suggesting benefits to health of this dietary pattern in Mediterranean countries.
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