Electrolytic dissolution of aluminide coatings on model (pure Ni, Ni20Cr) and René 125 Ni-based superalloy was conducted by alternated cathodic and anodic polarizations. The pure nickel aluminide ...dissolved homogeneously. In contrast, the inhomogeneity of dissolution increased with the incorporation of Cr in the coating. The coatings were however uniformly dissolved when the cathodic step was eliminated. XPS and TEM demonstrate that the occurrence of a passive layer containing Cr and Al oxy-hydroxides blocked dissolution.
(a) TEM bright field images of the passive film of the aluminized Ni20Cr. (b) is a greater magnification showing the distance between the crystalline planes. (c), (d) and (e) are the selected area diffraction patterns of the three diffracted areas defined on (a). The distances marked in red correspond to “d”, i.e. the interplanar distance. Display omitted
•Mechanisms of electrolytic dissolution of aluminide coatings unveiled•Anodic polarization induces both chemical and electrochemical dissolution.•Alternation with cathodic polarization results in passivation/arrest of dissolution.•The passive films are identified as AlOOH and CrOOH.•The role of HNO3, of HCl and of (NH4)6Mo7O24 on dissolution is elucidated.
Current spatial interpolation products may be biased by uneven distribution of measurements in time. This manuscript presents a detrending method that recognizes and eliminates this bias. The method ...estimates temporal trend components in addition to the spatial structure and has been implemented within the Data Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) analysis tool. The assets of this new detrending method are illustrated by producing monthly and annual climatologies of two vertical properties of the Black Sea while recognizing their seasonal and interannual variabilities : the mixed layer depth and the cold content of its cold intermediate layer (CIL). The temporal trends, given as by-products of the method, are used to analyze the seasonal and interannual variability of these variables over the past decades (1955–2011). In particular, the CIL interannual variability is related to the cumulated winter air temperature anomalies, explaining 88 % of its variation.
To investigate the impact of physical activity (PA) on the incidence or progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the general population.
Meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies.
...We included 14,630 adults with no or early AMD at baseline from 7 population-based studies and examined associations of PA with AMD incidence and progression using multistate models (MSM) per study and subsequent random effects meta-analysis. Age effects were assessed using meta-regression. The main outcome measure was the hazard ratio (HR) for incident early or progression to late AMD.
At baseline, mean age was 60.7 ± 6.9 to 76.4 ± 4.3 years, and prevalence of early AMD was 7.7% (range, 3.6%-16.9%) between cohorts. During follow-up, 1461 and 189 events occurred for early and late AMD, respectively. In meta-analyses, no or low to moderate PA (high PA as reference) was associated with an increased risk for incident early AMD (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.40; P = .04), but not for late AMD. In subsequent meta-regression, we found no association of age with the effect of PA on incident AMD.
Our study suggests high levels of PA to be protective for the development of early AMD across several population-based cohort studies. Our results establish PA as a modifiable risk factor for AMD and inform further AMD prevention strategies to reduce its public health impact.
To accurately estimate the incidence of HOX11L2 expression, and determine the associated cytogenetic features, in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), the Groupe Français de Cytogénétique ...Hématologique (GFCH) carried out a retrospective study of both childhood and adult patients. In total, 364 patients were included (211 children </=15 years and 153 adults), and 67 (18.5%) 47 children (22.4%) and 20 adults (13.1%) were shown to either harbor the t(5;14)q35;q32) translocation or express the HOX11L2 gene or both. Most of the common hematological parameters did not show significant differences within positive and negative populations, whereas the incidence of CD1a+/CD10+ and cytoplasmic CD3+ patients was significantly higher in positive than in negative children. Out of the 63 positive patients investigated by conventional cytogenetics, 32 exhibited normal karyotype, whereas the others 31 showed clonal chromosome abnormalities, which did not include classical T-ALL specific translocations. Involvement of the RANBP17/HOX11L2 locus was ascertained by fluorescence in situ hybridization in six variant or alternative (three-way translocation or cytogenetic partner other than 14q32) translocations out of the 223 patients. Our results also show that HOX11L2 expression essentially occurs as a result of a 5q35 rearrangement, but is not associated with another identified T-ALL specific recurrent genetic abnormality, such as SIL-TAL fusion or HOX11 expression.
Key Message
Needle anatomic plasticity enables fast-growing maritime pine trees to cope with water limitations by enhancing both water-use efficiency and embolism resistance.
Maritime pine is a major ...forest tree grown for wood production in Southern Europe. A breeding program for the selection of fast-growing varieties was established in the 1960s, in France. In the context of climate change, the magnitude of phenotypic plasticity is a key issue for the prediction of putative decreases in productivity in the improved genetic material. We characterized the phenotypic plasticity of anatomical and physiological traits in two families with contrasting growth rates, under different water regimes, at the juvenile stage. An analysis of 38 traits showed that the fastest growing family had the greatest phenotypic plasticity for morphological, anatomic, chemical and physiological traits, enabling it to increase its water use efficiency and embolism resistance in response to water deficit. The observed modifications to the extravascular (proportion of spongy parenchyma in needles) and vascular (xylem in the needles and stem) compartments in response to water constraints were consistent with a higher water use efficiency and greater embolism resistance. The ability to optimize meresis and auxesis according to environmental conditions during needle development could be related to growth performance over time in different environmental conditions. These results suggest that selection for growth in maritime pine leads to the selection of individuals with greater phenotypic plasticity related to higher performances in non-limited conditions.
Knowledge of the evolution of the littoral zone over time is paramount for coastal science and coastal zone management. However, traditional bathymetric surveys using echo-sounding techniques are ...unsuitable for large-scale applications due to a variety of constraints. On the other hand, remote sensing data such as satellite imagery allow for the development and application of bathymetry inversion models on a large scale. Deep learning is a growing field of artificial intelligence that allows for the automatic construction of models from data and has been successfully used for various Earth Observation and model inversion applications. In this work, we develop and apply a deep learning-based depth inversion model combining wave kinematics and water color information from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. We present two different satellite image processing methods to augment wave kinematics and color information as inputs to the proposed deep learning-based models. We show competitive results with a state-of-the-art physical inversion method for satellite derived bathymetry, Satellite to Shores (S2Shores), demonstrating a promising direction for the use of deep learning models in Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) and Earth observation in general.
Unhealthy behaviours are linked to a higher risk of eye diseases, but their combined effect on visual function is unknown. We aimed to examine the individual and combined associations of diet, ...physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption with visual impairment among French adults. 38 903 participants aged 18-73 years from the CONSTANCES nationwide cohort (2012-2016) with visual acuity measured and who completed, lifestyle, medical and food frequency questionnaires were included. Visual impairment was defined as a presenting visual acuity <20/40 in the better eye. After full multivariate adjustment, the odds for visual impairment increased with decreasing diet quality (p for trend = 0.04), decreasing physical activity (p for trend = 0.02) and increasing smoking pack-years (p for trend = 0.03), whereas no statistically significant association with alcohol consumption was found. Combination of several unhealthy behaviours was associated with increasing odds for visual impairment (p for trend = 0.0002), with a fully-adjusted odds ratio of 1.81 (95% CI 1.18 to 2.79) for participants reporting 2 unhealthy behaviours and 2.92 (95% CI 1.60 to 5.32) for those reporting 3 unhealthy behaviours. An unhealthy lifestyle including low/intermediate diet quality, low physical activity and heavy smoking was associated with visual impairment in this large population-based study.
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