We studied the medication reconciliation (MedRec) task through analysis of computer logs and ethnographic data. Time spent by healthcare providers performing MedRec was compared between two different ...EHR systems used at four different regional perioperative settings. Only one of the EHRs used at two settings generated computer logs that supported automatic discovery of the MedRec task. At those two settings, 53 providers generated 383 MedRec instances. Findings from the computer logs were validated with ethnographic data, leading to the identification and removal of 47 outliers. Without outliers, one of the settings had slightly smaller mean (SD) time in seconds 67.3 (40.2) compared with the other, 92.1 (25). The difference in time metrics was statistically significant (p<.001). Reusability of an existing task-based analytic method allowed for rapid study of EHR-based workflow and task.
EST (expressed sequence tags) sequencing, SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) development and haplotype assessment are powerful tools for the support of marker-assisted selection. The grapevine ...genome is currently being scavenged in our laboratory using an EST-SNP approach. Nine parental genotypes, used to create five inter- or intra-specific hybrids, have been tested to evaluate the degree of polymorphism between Vitis vinifera, Vitis riparia and a further intraspecific hybrid, measuring their nucleotide diversity. The SNPs were analysed on cDNA sequences of 4 functional classes of genes based on homology with genes present in a public database: sugar metabolism, cell signalling, anthocyanin metabolism and defence related. Primer pairs were deduced and used to amplify corresponding genomic sequences. Almost 12,000 bp of DNA have been scanned revealing differences among genotypes of up to 247 SNPs, with the highest rate of one SNP occurring every 78 bp when clones of different Vitis species are compared. Re-sequencing allowed the definition of haplotypes in the nine genotypes studied and these were confirmed by analysing segregating populations. The efficiency of SSCP, in comparison with re-sequencing, was considered for 25 gene fragments of the same 9 genotypes.
Several pests and diseases have grapevine as their favourite host and the vineyard as preferred environment, so an intensive pesticide schedule is usually required to meet qualitative and ...quantitative production standards. The need to prevent the negative impact of synthetic chemical pesticides on human health and the environment and the consumer expectations in term of chemical residues in food stimulated the research of innovative tools and methods for sustainable pest management. The research project PURE (www.pure-ipm.eu) was a Europe-wide framework, which demonstrated that several solutions are now available for the growers and evaluated several new alternatives that are under development or almost ready for being applied in practice. Although the use of resistant/tolerant varieties is not yet feasible in several traditional grape growing areas, at least part of the synthetic chemical pesticides can be substituted with biocontrol agents to control pests and pathogens and/or pheromone mating disruption, or the number of treatments can be reduced by the use of decision support systems, which identify the optimal timing for the applications. This review presents the state of the art and the perspectives in the field of grapevine protection tools and strategies.
•Several pests and diseases affect the grapevine.•IPM is mandatory to reduce pesticide risk.•A review on the state of the art and the perspectives on pest protection tools and strategies.
Reference genetic profiles were generated for 12 traditional grapevine cultivars of Serbia through a genotyping approach that included the "core set" of 9 SSR markers for genetic identification and ...further 13 common microsatellites for strengthening genetic relationship analysis. Consistent matching with SSR markers of grapevines cultivated in neighbouring countries or maintained in European germplasm collections was found for most of the genotypes, suggesting possible synonyms and revealing that 'Muskat Krokan' corresponds to 'Muscat fleur d'Oranger' and two 'Tamjanika' cultivars are identical to 'Moscato Giallo' and 'Moscato Rosa'. When compared with germplasm representing the classical eco-geographic grouping of grapevine cultivars, Serbian non-Muscat genotypes clustered within the Convar pontica subconvar balcanica taxon thus supporting their indigenous origin.
EST (expressed sequence tags) sequencing, SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) development and haplotype assessment are powerful tools for the support of marker-assisted selection. The grapevine ...genome is currently being scavenged in our laboratory using an EST-SNP approach. Nine parental genotypes, used to create five inter- or intra-specific hybrids, have been tested to evaluate the degree of polymorphism between Vitis vinifera, Vitis riparia and a further intraspecific hybrid, measuring their nucleotide diversity. The SNPs were analysed on cDNA sequences of 4 functional classes of genes based on homology with genes present in a public database: sugar metabolism, cell signalling, anthocyanin metabolism and defence related. Primer pairs were deduced and used to amplify corresponding genomic sequences. Almost 12,000 bp of DNA have been scanned revealing differences among genotypes of up to 247 SNPs, with the highest rate of one SNP occurring every 78 bp when clones of different Vitis species are compared. Re-sequencing allowed the definition of haplotypes in the nine genotypes studied and these were confirmed by analysing segregating populations. The efficiency of SSCP, in comparison with re-sequencing, was considered for 25 gene fragments of the same 9 genotypes.
In this work we have studied the influence of phytoplasma-induced grapevine yellows (yellowing) on some features of the thylakoids from field grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) ...leaves. Changes in photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, photosynthetic activities and thylakoid membrane proteins were investigated. The level of total chlorophyll and carotenoids, on a unit fresh weight basis, showed a progressive decrease in phytoplasma infected leaves. Similar results were also observed for total soluble proteins and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. When various photosynthetic activities were followed in isolated thylakoids, phytoplasma infection caused marked inhibition of whole chain and photosystem (PS) II activity. Smaller inhibition of PSI activity was observed even in severely infected leaves. The artificial exogenous electron donors, DPC and NH2OH significantly restored the PSII activity in both mild and severely infected leaves. The same results were obtained when Fv/ Fm was evaluated by Chl fluorescence measurements. The marked loss of PS II activity in infected leaves was evidently due to the loss of 33, 28–25, 23, 17 and 10kDa polypeptides. This conclusion was confirmed by immunological studies showing that the content of the 33kDa protein of the water-splitting complex was diminished significantly in infected leaves. Phytoplasma infection induced a fast degradation of LHCP II which became visible as yellowish colour in leaves.
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are providing a valuable approach to sampling organism-expressed genomes, especially when studying large genomes such as those of many plants. We report on the ...comparison of 8,647 ESTs generated from six different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) organs: berry, root, leaf, bud, shoot and inflorescence. Clustering and assembly of these ESTs resulted in 4,203 unique sequences and revealed that at this level of EST sampling, each organ shares a low percentage of transcripts with the others. To define organ relationships based on EST counts, we calculated a distance matrix of pairwise correlation coefficients between the libraries which indicated bud, inflorescence and shoot as a group distinct from the other organs considered in this study. A putative function was identified for about 85% of the unique sequences. By assigning them to specific functional classes, we were able to highlight strong differences between organs in the metabolism, protein biosynthesis and photosynthesis categories. This grape EST collection has also proven to be a valuable source for the development of 'functional' simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers: a total of 405 SSRs have been identified. EST sequences and annotation results have been organised in the IASMA-grape database, freely available at the address http://genomics.iasma.it.
The domestication of the Eurasian grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa) from its wild ancestor (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) has long been claimed to have occurred in Transcaucasia where its greatest ...genetic diversity is found and where very early archaeological evidence, including grape pips and artefacts of a 'wine culture', have been excavated. Whether from Transcaucasia or the nearby Taurus or Zagros Mountains, it is hypothesized that this wine culture spread southwards and eventually westwards around the Mediterranean basin, together with the transplantation of cultivated grape cuttings. However, the existence of morphological differentiation between cultivars from eastern and western ends of the modern distribution of the Eurasian grape suggests the existence of different genetic contribution from local sylvestris populations or multilocal selection and domestication of sylvestris genotypes. To tackle this issue, we analysed chlorotype variation and distribution in 1201 samples of sylvestris and sativa genotypes from the whole area of the species' distribution and studied their genetic relationships. The results suggest the existence of at least two important origins for the cultivated germplasm, one in the Near East and another in the western Mediterranean region, the latter of which gave rise to many of the current Western European cultivars. Indeed, over 70% of the Iberian Peninsula cultivars display chlorotypes that are only compatible with their having derived from western sylvestris populations.
Growing scientific interest in the genetic diversity of grapevine, together with the need to improve the organization of conserved materials and streamline management costs has given rise to a ...project aimed at characterizing all the germplasm maintained by FEM-IASMA. In an initial molecular analysis, one plant of each accession was tested at 10 microsatellite loci (SSR). Comparison of the profiles obtained allowed the genotypes present to be identified and hence the number of accessions to undergo further investigation to be reduced. The extension of genotyping to 12 other SSR loci confirmed the consistency of the collection’s gene pool. Using assignment experiments, comparisons with international databases and ampelographic verification, grape cultivars with the same SSR profile are attributed to cases of synonymy or denomination errors. The most interesting phenotypic variations amongst plants with an identical SSR genotype will be selected for conservation. The set of accessions with a non-redundant genotype is the collection’s main source of genetic diversity. Regarding this material, intense genotyping of hundreds of SNP loci is underway in order to identify appropriate core collections for future association studies. Some of the characteristics emerging from this study and other evaluations of the collection’s contents are presented.
Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), a forage species widely used in the southeastern United States, and from Central Mexico to Argentina, was targeted for improvement through genetic engineering. ...Embryogenic callus, initiated from germinating seedlings, was bombarded with a vector containing the bar selectable marker/reporter gene that confers resistance to phosphinothricin (glufosinate) herbicide (trade names Liberty, Ignite and Finale). Thirty-two transgenic plants were recovered. These plants were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and verified by Southern analysis. Transgenic plants with bar, as well as non-transgenic plants without bar, regenerated from bombarded callus and selected with glufosinate, developed strong and stable resistance to glufosinate during selection. This unusual resistance in non-transgenic plants has persisted for over a year and is passed on to new tillers. The development of resistance in non-transgenic cells reduced the herbicide selection efficiency and made it necessary to identify transgenic plants by PCR where the 32 transgenic plants were recovered from 674 glufosinate-resistant plants, giving a very low selection efficiency.
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