Summary Over the past 20 years, cancer research in India has grown in size and impact. Clinicians, scientists, and government and state policy makers in India have championed cancer research, from ...studies to achieve low-tech, large-scale health outcomes to some of the most advanced areas of fundamental cancer science. In this paper, we frame public policy discussions about cancer with use of an in-depth analysis of research publications from India. Cancer research in India is a complex environment that needs to balance public policy across many competing agendas. We identify major needs across these environments such as those for increased research capacity and training and protected time for clinical researchers; for more support from states and enhanced collaborative funding programmes from government; for development of national infrastructures across a range of domains (ie, clinical trials, tissue banking, registries, etc); and for a streamlined and rational regulatory environment. We also discuss improvements that should be made to translate research into improvements in cancer outcomes and public health.
Objective Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms (IAAAs) have been traditionally managed with open repair. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was approved September of 1999. Some authors have ...suggested that EVAR is not an acceptable option for management of an IAAA. However, several recent reports have suggested EVAR is a reasonable management option in these patients. The purpose of our study was to review our experience with the contemporary management of IAAA involving both open and endovascular approaches. Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing repair of IAAAs from 1999 to 2011 was conducted at three geographically separate institutions. Basic demographics, diagnostic workup, treatment, and outcomes were reviewed. Results Between 1999 and 2011, 69 patients underwent surgical repair of IAAAs, 59 by open repair and 10 by EVAR. Eighty-three percent of patients were men with a mean age of 67. Aneurysm size was similar in both groups (6.3 cm open repair vs 5.9 cm EVAR). Follow-up for the open group was a mean of 42.6 months and 33.6 months for the EVAR group. Periaortic fibrosis decreased from a mean of 5.4 mm to 2.7 mm after EVAR. Hydronephrosis was present preoperatively in one patient and did not change after EVAR. Aneurysm size decreased in seven patients (70%) who underwent EVAR. Two patients had no change with one lost to follow-up. Mean aneurysm size decrease after EVAR was 1.12 cm (17.8%). There were no aneurysm-related deaths or major morbidities in the EVAR group. Twenty-two patients (37%) in the open surgical group suffered major complications, including myocardial infarction, renal failure, lower extremity amputation, sepsis, and prolonged ventilation. Conclusions Endovascular repair for IAAA results in successful management with improvement of periaortic inflammation. EVAR should be considered as first-line therapy in which anatomic parameters are favorable.
Non-tuberculous mycobacterial isolates from gold miners were speciated using standard biochemical testing (SBT) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Of 237 isolates tested, SBT identified 126, compared with all ...237 identified using sequencing. Of 111 isolates unspeciated by SBT but identified by
sequencing, 38 (34.2%) were identified as Mycobacterium gordonae and 8 (7.2%) were new species. Of 126 isolates speciated by both methods, 37 were discordant, with 14/17 M. gordonae isolates incorrectly identified as M. scrofulaceum using SBT. The majority of these were
the potentially pathogenic strain D, M. gordonae. Sequencing is preferable where available to guide treatment.
The goal of this study was to examine whether the method of attachment of a peripheral nerve graft would have an effect on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) regeneration.
The number of adult rat RGCs with ...regrown axons in a peripheral nerve graft was compared under two grafting conditions: 1) attachment of the graft to the optic nerve stump made using a suture; and 2) attachment made using fibrin glue. Counts of RGCs retrogradely labeled with FluoroGold from the grafts 1 month after attachment revealed approximately seven times the number of RGCs in the fibrin-glue group compared with the suture group.
The use of fibrin glue may be a useful tool for enhancing the regrowth of central nervous system neuron axons into peripheral nervous system grafts.
This paper reports results from a search for single and multi-nucleon disappearance from the \(^{16}\)O nucleus in water within the \snoplus{} detector using all of the available data. These ...so-called "invisible" decays do not directly deposit energy within the detector but are instead detected through their subsequent nuclear de-excitation and gamma-ray emission. New limits are given for the partial lifetimes: \(\tau(n\rightarrow inv) > 9.0\times10^{29}\) years, \(\tau(p\rightarrow inv) > 9.6\times10^{29}\) years, \(\tau(nn\rightarrow inv) > 1.5\times10^{28}\) years, \(\tau(np\rightarrow inv) > 6.0\times10^{28}\) years, and \(\tau(pp\rightarrow inv) > 1.1\times10^{29}\) years at 90\% Bayesian credibility level (with a prior uniform in rate). All but the (\(nn\rightarrow inv\)) results improve on existing limits by a factor of about 3.
Haloperidol inhibits NMDA receptors with higher affinity for NMDA receptors composed of NR1/2B compared with NR1/2A. To assess whether the clinical effects of haloperidol and other antipsychotic ...agents are mediated through this site on NMDA receptors and to examine structure activity relationships at this site, we examined the ability of a variety of drugs with neuroleptic actions to inhibit NMDA receptor function. Many antipsychotic agents inhibit
125I-MK 801 binding to the NMDA receptor with IC
50values in the micromolar range. The rank order of potency for inhibition of binding to adult rat forebrain was trifluperidol (TFP) > clozapine = fluphenazine = reduced haloperidol = spiperone = trifluoperazine = butaclamol ≫ pimozide = risperidone = sulpiride. These findings match the molecular biological specification of the agents, with trifluperidol having a marked preference for NR1/2B (ε2) receptors. Mutations at ε2E201, which alter the effects of haloperidol, also decrease the affinity of TFP but not other modulators is mediated by this residue of the NMDA receptor. The present results demonstrate that while TFP acts on NMDA receptors in a mannor simmilar to haloperidol, other antipsychotic agents do not share the specific pharmacological properties of this action, suggesting that their clinical mechanism is not mediated by this receptor.
We present multi-wavelength photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2022jli, an unprecedented Type Ic supernova discovered in the galaxy NGC 157 at a distance of \(\approx\) 23 Mpc. The multi-band light ...curves reveal many remarkable characteristics. Peaking at a magnitude of \(g=15.11\pm0.02\), the high-cadence photometry reveals 12.5\(\pm0.2\ \)day periodic undulations superimposed on the 200 day supernova decline. This periodicity is observed in the light curves from nine separate filter and instrument configurations with peak-to-peak amplitudes of \(\simeq\) 0.1 mag. This is the first time that repeated periodic oscillations, over many cycles, have been detected in a supernova light curve. SN 2022jli also displays an extreme early excess which fades over \(\approx\) 25 days followed by a rise to a peak luminosity of \(L_{\rm opt} = 10^{42.1}\) erg s\(^{-1}\). Although the exact explosion epoch is not constrained by data, the time from explosion to maximum light is \(\gtrsim\) 59 days. The luminosity can be explained by a large ejecta mass (\(M_{\rm ej}\approx12\pm6\)M\(_{\odot}\)) powered by \(^{56}\)Ni but we find difficulty in quantitatively modelling the early excess with circumstellar interaction and cooling. Collision between the supernova ejecta and a binary companion is a possible source of this emission. We discuss the origin of the periodic variability in the light curve, including interaction of the SN ejecta with nested shells of circumstellar matter and neutron stars colliding with binary companions.
Previous microarray analyses identified 22 microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed in paired ectopic and eutopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. To investigate further the ...role of these miRNAs in women with endometriosis, we conducted an association study aiming to explore the relationship between endometriosis risk and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA target sites for these differentially expressed miRNAs. A panel of 102 SNPs in the predicted miRNA binding sites were evaluated for an endometriosis association study and an ingenuity pathway analysis was performed. Fourteen rare variants were identified in this study. We found SNP rs14647 in the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate gene1 (WHSC1) 3'UTR (untranslated region) was associated with endometriosis-related infertility presenting an odds ratio of 12.2 (95% confidence interval = 2.4-60.7, P = 9.03 × 10(-5)). SNP haplotype AGG in the solute carrier family 22, member 23 (SLC22A23) 3'UTR was associated with endometriosis-related infertility and more severe disease. With the individual genotyping data, ingenuity pathways analysis identified the tumour necrosis factor and cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitor as major factors in the molecular pathways. Significant associations between WHSC1 alleles and endometriosis-related infertility and SLC22A23 haplotypes and the disease severe stage were identified. These findings may help focus future research on subphenotypes of this disease. Replication studies in independent large sample sets to confirm and characterize the involvement of the gene variation in the pathogenesis of endometriosis are needed.
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