Owing to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA, the molecule encoding biological information, has emerged as a promising archival storage medium. However, due to technological ...constraints, data can only be written onto many short DNA molecules that are stored in an unordered way, and can only be read by sampling from this DNA pool. Moreover, imperfections in writing (synthesis), reading (sequencing), storage, and handling of the DNA, in particular amplification via PCR, lead to a loss of DNA molecules and induce errors within the molecules. In order to design DNA storage systems, a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the errors and the loss of molecules is crucial. In this paper, we characterize those error probabilities by analyzing data from our own experiments as well as from experiments of two different groups. We find that errors within molecules are mainly due to synthesis and sequencing, while imperfections in handling and storage lead to a significant loss of sequences. The aim of our study is to help guide the design of future DNA data storage systems by providing a quantitative and qualitative understanding of the DNA data storage channel.
Information, such as text printed on paper or images projected onto microfilm, can survive for over 500 years. However, the storage of digital information for time frames exceeding 50 years is ...challenging. Here we show that digital information can be stored on DNA and recovered without errors for considerably longer time frames. To allow for the perfect recovery of the information, we encapsulate the DNA in an inorganic matrix, and employ error‐correcting codes to correct storage‐related errors. Specifically, we translated 83 kB of information to 4991 DNA segments, each 158 nucleotides long, which were encapsulated in silica. Accelerated aging experiments were performed to measure DNA decay kinetics, which show that data can be archived on DNA for millennia under a wide range of conditions. The original information could be recovered error free, even after treating the DNA in silica at 70 °C for one week. This is thermally equivalent to storing information on DNA in central Europe for 2000 years.
Committing to memory: Digital information can endure thousands of years of storage when translated into ACGT nucleotide coding and encapsulated as DNA in silica glass spheres. This method was demonstrated with the digitalized Archimedes Palimpsest.
Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems-both in cost and speed-is synthesis. The key ...idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today's systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA.
DNA storage offers substantial information density
and exceptional half-life
. We devised a 'DNA-of-things' (DoT) storage architecture to produce materials with immutable memory. In a DoT framework, ...DNA molecules record the data, and these molecules are then encapsulated in nanometer silica beads
, which are fused into various materials that are used to print or cast objects in any shape. First, we applied DoT to three-dimensionally print a Stanford Bunny
that contained a 45 kB digital DNA blueprint for its synthesis. We synthesized five generations of the bunny, each from the memory of the previous generation without additional DNA synthesis or degradation of information. To test the scalability of DoT, we stored a 1.4 MB video in DNA in plexiglass spectacle lenses and retrieved it by excising a tiny piece of the plexiglass and sequencing the embedded DNA. DoT could be applied to store electronic health records in medical implants, to hide data in everyday objects (steganography) and to manufacture objects containing their own blueprint. It may also facilitate the development of self-replicating machines.
Synthetic DNA is a growing alternative to electronic-based technologies in fields such as data storage, product tagging, or signal processing. Its value lies in its characteristic attributes, namely ...Watson-Crick base pairing, array synthesis, sequencing, toehold displacement and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) capabilities. In this review, we provide an overview of the most prevalent applications of synthetic DNA that could shape the future of information technology. We emphasize the reasons why the biomolecule can be a valuable alternative for conventional electronic-based media, and give insights on where the DNA-analog technology stands with respect to its electronic counterparts.
Synthesis in a day! Carbon‐coated metal nanoparticles can be covalently functionalized by diazonium chemistry. These colloidal reagents can now serve as a basis to magnetically functionalize ...molecules during synthesis, enabling their recovery within seconds.
Boomerang catalysis: A catalyst catch–release system is established by the noncovalent attachment of a Pd N‐heterocyclic carbene complex to graphene‐coated magnetic Co nanoparticles. The ...immobilization by pyrene tags (see scheme; blue) is reversible at elevated temperatures, releasing the homogeneous catalyst. The hydroxycarbonylation of aryl halides is performed in 16 iterative reactions with this highly active catalyst.
Tough to remove this label! When protected within a silica sphere, DNA can withstand high temperatures (up to 200 °C) and aggressive radical conditions. Following deprotection with HF, the DNA can be ...analyzed by standard biochemical methods. This DNA protection/deprotection scheme is compatible with standard polymer processing and can be used for labeling material of nonbiological origin.
Abstract
Palladium promotion and deposition on
monoclinic
zirconia are effective strategies to boost the performance of bulk In
2
O
3
in CO
2
-to-methanol and could unlock superior reactivity if well ...integrated into a single catalytic system. However, harnessing synergic effects of the individual components is crucial and very challenging as it requires precise control over their assembly. Herein, we present ternary Pd-In
2
O
3
-ZrO
2
catalysts prepared by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) with remarkable methanol productivity and improved metal utilization, surpassing their binary counterparts. Unlike established impregnation and co-precipitation methods, FSP produces materials combining low-nuclearity palladium species associated with In
2
O
3
monolayers highly dispersed on the ZrO
2
carrier, whose surface partially transforms from a
tetragonal
into a
monoclinic-
like structure upon reaction. A pioneering protocol developed to quantify oxygen vacancies using in situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals their enhanced generation because of this unique catalyst architecture, thereby rationalizing its high and sustained methanol productivity.
TEMPO was grafted on graphene‐coated nanobeads with a magnetic cobalt core by using a general applicable “click”‐chemistry protocol. The new heterogeneous CoNP–TEMPO emerged as a highly active ...catalyst for the chemoselective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols using bleach as terminal oxidant. The outstanding stability of the C/Co nanoparticles enables the nanopowder to tolerate several TEMPO‐mediated iterative oxidation reactions without any significant loss in catalyst activity. Furthermore, the excellent magnetic properties enable the rapid separation and quantitative recycling of CoNP–TEMPO out of the reaction mixture by simple magnetic decantation. The recovered nanoparticles can be subsequently reused without any further purification.
TEMPO was immobilized on carbon‐coated cobalt nanoparticles via click chemistry resulting in a remarkably stable and recyclable organocatalyst (see graphic) which maintains its high reactivity throughout several iterative oxidation reactions. The quantitative recovery of the catalyst succeeds plainly by applying an external magnet followed by decantation of the reaction mixture.
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