Social life is regulated by norms of fairness that constrain selfish behavior. While a substantial body of scholarship on prosocial behavior has provided evidence of such norms, large inter- and ...intra-personal variation in prosocial behavior still needs to be explained. The article identifies two social-structural dimensions along which people's generosity varies systematically: group attachment and social position. We conducted lab-in-the-field experiments involving 2,597 members of producer organizations in rural Uganda. Using different variants of the dictator game, we demonstrate that group attachment positively affects prosocial behavior, and that this effect is not simply the by-product of the degree of proximity between individuals. Second, we show that occupying a formal position in an organization or community leads to greater generosity toward in-group members. Taken together, our findings show that prosocial behavior is not an invariant social trait; rather, it varies according to individuals' relative position in the social structure.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This dissertation examines the relationship between leadership selection and public goods provision in self-help organizations. Leadership selection is defined as the rules for selecting leaders, as ...well as the factors that determine the quality of the leadership class. Self-help organizations are defined as relatively small-size voluntary groups that are created to provide goods and services to members and that select their leader via democratic procedures. Examples include micro-lending and micro-insurance groups, common-pool resource groups, women and artisan cooperatives and farmer associations. The dissertation focuses on Uganda's recent largest development project: the Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Project (APEP). USAID funded, APEP's stated goal is to expand rural economic opportunities by supporting the transition of smallholder producers into commercial farming. During the project's lifespan (2005-2009), APEP helped about 60,000 small-scale producers to organize into over 200 farmer associations (i.e. cooperatives). Importantly, the success of these farmer associations in overcoming social dilemmas and in providing goods and services to their members, varied tremendously. Why are some groups more successful than others in overcoming the social dilemmas inherent in public goods production? To explain this variation, the dissertation uses a range of disciplinary perspectives – drawn mainly from political science, economics, social psychology and sociology – as well as a diverse set of methodological tools.
This contribution to "Symposium: Military Dissent" describes an Israeli movement called Courage to Refuse, composed solely of combat soldiers & officers, which has sought to publicize the Israeli ...Defense Forces' response to acts of military refusal. Another movement, Yesh-Gvul (Hebrew for "there is a limit"), protested having to obey military orders to engage in what their members felt were unjust acts against the Palestinians. Some 200 members of Yesh-Gvul were imprisoned. These & other movements began to influence the mood of the Israeli people, who made it clear to their government that unnecessary use of military force would incur mass civil disobedience. Between 1993 & 2000, there were few refusals to serve. The Israelis had accepted military occupation in the Occupied Territories as a necessary, though temporary, condition. But 2001 saw the beginning of the second Intifada, & the fierce combat brought a new wave of refusals. Courage to Refuse sprang int o action, but their achievements were limited. Under Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's pragmatic leadership, the plans were made to pull out of the Gaza strip. If this solution to the conflict continues to be implemented, there will likely be no more refusals; if not, the military will once more have soldiers breaking ranks. References. J. Stanton
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Motivated by a common interest in political economy analysis in global health and a belief that this field has been neglected in global health policy debates, we convened at the Rockefeller ...Foundation's Bellagio Center for a workshop on the Political Economy of Global Health in May of 2014. Given our shared experiences working as academic researchers and practitioners in global health, we agreed on the importance of promoting research and improving practice in the political economy of global health. During this meeting we articulated how a political economy perspective might strengthen policy analysis in global health and made recommendations on how to promote more analysis of this nature. The purpose of this article is to report some of the conclusions we drew from our rich discussions.
Women politicians face barriers that can undermine their performance relative to men. Using original micro-data from Uganda, we test for gender gaps in performance across different job duties in ...subnational legislatures. We hypothesize, and find, that performance gender gaps are greatest in job duties that require greater peer interaction (legislative duties), while no such gaps exist in more individually-performed duties (e.g., meeting with the electorate, facilitating constituency development). Fine-grained network data reveals women's informal exclusion in politician networks, and this exclusion holds explanatory power in explaining job duties requiring interaction with fellow politicians. Further, qualifications and previous experience also determine part of the gender performance gap in more intricate tasks. Moving forward, advocacy organizations may consider holding trainings and simulations with politicians on performing job duties in ways that encourage cross-gender professional network ties.
Large arrivals of refugees raise concerns about potential tensions with host communities,particularly if refugees are viewed as an out-group competing for limited material resources and crowding ...outpublic services. To address this concern, calls have increased to allocate humanitarian aid in ways that (also)benefit host communities. This study empirically tests whether the presence of refugees in Uganda (one of thelargest refugee-hosting countries) has improved public service delivery, and consequently, dampened potentialsocial conflict. The data com- bines geospatial information on refugee settlements with unique longitudinal data onprimary and secondary schools, road density, health clinics, and health utilization. This study reports two key findings.First, particularly after the 2014 arrival of over 1 million South Sudanese refugees, host communities with greaterlevels of refugee presence experienced substantial improvements in local development. Second, using publicopinion data, we find no evidence that refugee presence is associated with more negative (or positive) attitudestowards migrants or migration policy.
Covid-19 caused a significant health and economic crisis, a condition identified as conducive to stigmatization and hateful behavior against minority groups. It is however unclear whether the threat ...of infection triggers violence in addition to stigmatization, and whether a violent reaction can happen at the onset of an unexpected economic shock before social hierarchies can be disrupted. Using a novel database of hate crimes across Italy, we show that (i) hate crimes against Asians increased substantially at the pandemic onset, and that (ii) the increase was concentrated in cities with higher expected unemployment, but not higher mortality. We then examine individual, local and national mobilization as mechanisms. We find that (iii) local far-right institutions motivate hate crimes, while we find no support for the role of individual prejudice and national discourse. Our study identifies new conditions triggering hateful behavior, advancing our understanding of factors hindering migrant integration.
Women across the Global South have made large strides in breaking into historically male arenas, including politics. Like private sector work and non-profit development, woman in politics face ...barriers that can undermine their performance relative to men. Focusing on women politicians, we argue that performance gender gaps of different magnitudes will appear across different job duties, since job duties differ in terms of barriers posed to women. In particular, where woman politicians are excluded in politician networks, duties requiring interaction with fellow politicians (e.g., legislative activities) may exhibit larger gender gaps as compared to duties that can be undertaken independently (e.g., constituency services and development). We find support for this argument when comparing women and men politicians' performance across samples of up to 50 subnational Ugandan legislatures (where 1/3 of seats are reserved for women). Using original network data, we find that women are significantly more peripheral in professional networks, and that this network peripherality drives gender gaps in duties requiring more interaction with fellow politicians, but not independently-performed duties. Importantly, friendship centrality is no substitute for professional centrality when it comes to job duty performance: by term end women are not more peripheral in personal networks, which are not as correlated with job duty performance gaps. Finally, education disparities across gender also contribute to the gender gap for duties requiring more intricate understanding of rules and procedures (e.g., monitoring public services, legislative duties). Moving forward, advocacy organizations may consider holding trainings and simulations with politicians on performing (especially intricate) duties in ways that might encourage cross-gender professional network ties.
This dissertation examines the relationship between leadership selection and public goods provision in self-help organizations. Leadership selection is defined as the rules for selecting leaders, as ...well as the factors that determine the quality of the leadership class. Self-help organizations are defined as relatively small-size voluntary groups that are created to provide goods and services to members and that select their leader via democratic procedures. Examples include micro-lending and micro-insurance groups, common-pool resource groups, women and artisan cooperatives and farmer associations. The dissertation focuses on Uganda's recent largest development project: the Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Project (APEP). USAID funded, APEP's stated goal is to expand rural economic opportunities by supporting the transition of smallholder producers into commercial farming. During the project's lifespan (2005-2009), APEP helped about 60,000 small-scale producers to organize into over 200 farmer associations (i.e. cooperatives). Importantly, the success of these farmer associations in overcoming social dilemmas and in providing goods and services to their members, varied tremendously. Why are some groups more successful than others in overcoming the social dilemmas inherent in public goods production? To explain this variation, the dissertation uses a range of disciplinary perspectives --- drawn mainly from political science, economics, social psychology and sociology --- as well as a diverse set of methodological tools.
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