All-inorganic CsPbI
perovskite quantum dots have received substantial research interest for photovoltaic applications because of higher efficiency compared to solar cells using other quantum dots ...materials and the various exciting properties that perovskites have to offer. These quantum dot devices also exhibit good mechanical stability amongst various thin-film photovoltaic technologies. We demonstrate higher mechanical endurance of quantum dot films compared to bulk thin film and highlight the importance of further research on high-performance and flexible optoelectronic devices using nanoscale grains as an advantage. Specifically, we develop a hybrid interfacial architecture consisting of CsPbI
quantum dot/PCBM heterojunction, enabling an energy cascade for efficient charge transfer and mechanical adhesion. The champion CsPbI
quantum dot solar cell has an efficiency of 15.1% (stabilized power output of 14.61%), which is among the highest report to date. Building on this strategy, we further demonstrate a highest efficiency of 12.3% in flexible quantum dot photovoltaics.
Over the past few years, hybrid halide perovskites have emerged as a highly promising class of materials for photovoltaic technology, and the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells ...(PSCs) has accelerated at an unprecedented pace, reaching a record value of over 22%. In the context of PSC research, wide‐bandgap semiconducting metal oxides have been extensively studied because of their exceptional performance for injection and extraction of photo‐generated carriers. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the synthesis and applications of metal oxides as electron and hole transporters in efficient PSCs with both mesoporous and planar architectures. Metal oxides and their doped variants with proper energy band alignment with halide perovskites, in the form of nanostructured layers and compact thin films, can not only assist with charge transport but also improve the stability of PSCs under ambient conditions. Strategies for the implementation of metal oxides with tailored compositions and structures, and for the engineering of their interfaces with perovskites will be critical for the future development and commercialization of PSCs.
Hybrid perovskites are emerging as promising materials for low‐cost photovoltaic technologies with high performance. Wide‐bandgap metal oxides in the forms of nanostructures and compact thin films have been extensively applied as electron and hole transporters in perovskite solar cells. This review elucidates their crucial role in assisting perovskite solar cells to achieve optimal performance and stability.
The design of novel drug delivery systems is exceptionally critical in disease treatments. Among the existing drug delivery systems, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have shown profuse promise ...owing to their structural stability, tunable morphologies/sizes, and ability to load different payload chemistry. Significantly, the presence of surface silanol groups enables functionalization with relevant drugs, imaging, and targeting agents, promoting their utility and popularity among researchers. Stimuli-responsive silanol conjugates have been developed as a novel, more effective way to conjugate, deliver, and release therapeutic drugs on demand and precisely to the selected location. Therefore, it is urgent to summarize the current understanding and the surface silanols' role in making MSN a versatile drug delivery platform. This review provides an analytical understanding of the surface silanols, chemistry, identification methods, and their property-performance correlation. The chemistry involved in converting surface silanols to a stimuli-responsive silica delivery system by endogenous/exogenous stimuli, including pH, redox potential, temperature, and hypoxia, is discussed in depth. Different chemistries for converting surface silanols to stimuli-responsive bonds are discussed in the context of drug delivery. The critical discussion is culminated by outlining the challenges in identifying silanols' role and overcoming the limitations in synthesizing stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica-based drug delivery systems.
Organic–inorganic mixed halide perovskites have emerged as an excellent class of materials with a unique combination of optoelectronic properties, suitable for a plethora of applications ranging from ...solar cells to light‐emitting diodes and photoelectrochemical devices. Recent works have showcased hybrid perovskites for electronic applications through improvements in materials design, processing, and device stability. Herein, a comprehensive up‐to‐date review is presented on hybrid perovskite electronics with a focus on transistors and memories. These applications are supported by the fundamental material properties of hybrid perovskite semiconductors such as tunable bandgap, ambipolar charge transport, reasonable mobility, defect characteristics, and solution processability, which are highlighted first. Then, recent progresses on perovskite‐based transistors are reviewed, covering aspects of fabrication process, patterning techniques, contact engineering, 2D versus 3D material selection, and device performance. Furthermore, applications of perovskites in nonvolatile memories and artificial synaptic devices are presented. The ambient instability of hybrid perovskites and the strategies to tackle this bottleneck are also discussed. Finally, an outlook and opportunities to develop perovskite‐based electronics as a competitive and feasible technology are highlighted.
Organic–inorganic halide perovskites show high promise for electronic devices owing to exceptional electrical, optical, and structural properties. The latest breakthroughs in structural, interface, defect engineering, and pattering techniques as applied to halide perovskite transistors, memories and to improve stability issues in perovskites are reviewed. Lastly, the existing challenges and outline for future research directions are provided.
Quantum dot (QD) solar cells, benefiting from unique quantum confinement effects and multiple exciton generation, have attracted great research attention in the past decades. Before 2016, research ...efforts were mainly devoted to solar cells comprising lead chalcogenide QDs, while lead halide perovskite QDs have recently emerged as a rising star in the field. This review aims to compare similarities and differences between lead chalcogenide and lead halide perovskite QDs for photovoltaic applications. The fundamental physical properties of these two types of nanomaterials and their state‐of‐the‐art photovoltaic devices are summarized, with a focus on ligand and device engineering. Furthermore, a special section is devoted to the stability issue that often hinders photovoltaic technologies. Finally, future development in tandem devices, challenges associated with large‐size cell fabrication and lead toxicity, and potential mitigation solutions are discussed.
This review aims to present a critical comparison of two quantum dot materials, lead chalcogenide, and lead halide perovskite, for photovoltaic applications. The fundamental physical properties of these emerging nanomaterials and state‐of‐the‐art photovoltaic devices are summarized, with a focus on ligand and device engineering. Finally, potential mitigation strategies to the stability and other challenges are discussed.
Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) is expected to be the next-generation non-volatile memory device because of its fast operation speed and low power consumption. Switching media in most ReMAM ...are oxides which are rigid and require high-temperature processing. Here, we review two emerging types of low-cost solution-processed ReRAMs with sandwich structures: one is hybrid nanocomposites with charge-trapping nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a polymer matrix, and the other is hybrid halide perovskites which have been intensively investigated recently for optoelectronic applications. We will review the recent developments in materials selection, device performance and operation mechanisms. Resistive switching in hybrid materials and composites is ubiquitous because of the abundant existence of charge-trapping defects and interfaces. The future challenges and potential breakthroughs will also be outlined.
We review emerging low-cost solution-processed resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) made of either hybrid nanocomposites or hybrid organo-lead halide perovskites.
Highlights
Research progress on inorganic perovskites quantum dots is reviewed from three aspects: physical properties, synthesis approaches, and electronic applications.
Inorganic perovskite quantum ...dots have been exploited as either the active layers or the additives in high-performance transistors and memories.
Challenges and outlook on future advancement of perovskites quantum dots-based electronics are elaborated.
Metal halide perovskites have generated significant attention in recent years because of their extraordinary physical properties and photovoltaic performance. Among these, inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) stand out for their prominent merits, such as quantum confinement effects, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and defect-tolerant structures. Additionally, ligand engineering and an all-inorganic composition lead to a robust platform for ambient-stable QD devices. This review presents the state-of-the-art research progress on inorganic perovskite QDs, emphasizing their electronic applications. In detail, the physical properties of inorganic perovskite QDs will be introduced first, followed by a discussion of synthesis methods and growth control. Afterwards, the emerging applications of inorganic perovskite QDs in electronics, including transistors and memories, will be presented. Finally, this review will provide an outlook on potential strategies for advancing inorganic perovskite QD technologies.
Carbon‐based nanomaterials, including graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes, are attracting significant attention as promising materials for next‐generation energy storage and conversion ...applications. They possess unique physicochemical properties, such as structural stability and flexibility, high porosity, and tunable physicochemical features, which render them well suited in these hot research fields. Technological advances at atomic and electronic levels are crucial for developing more efficient and durable devices. This comprehensive review provides a state‐of‐the‐art overview of these advanced carbon‐based nanomaterials for various energy storage and conversion applications, focusing on supercapacitors, lithium as well as sodium‐ion batteries, and hydrogen evolution reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the strategies employed to enhance performance through nonmetallic elemental doping of N, B, S, and P in either individual doping or codoping, as well as structural modifications such as the creation of defect sites, edge functionalization, and inter‐layer distance manipulation, aiming to provide the general guidelines for designing these devices by the above approaches to achieve optimal performance. Furthermore, this review delves into the challenges and future prospects for the advancement of carbon‐based electrodes in energy storage and conversion.
Carbon‐based nanomaterials, including graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes, are among the most rapidly emerging building blocks for nanotechnologies. This review elucidates the advantages and the crucial role of these family materials and summarizes the prevailing strategies for achieving high‐performance energy storage and conversion applications.
Organic–inorganic hybrids, which synergize the merits of organic and inorganic materials, have emerged as a new class of highly versatile functional materials with tailored properties and enhanced ...energy conversion efficiency. In this Focus Review, state-of-the-art results on organic–inorganic hybrids, used for water splitting and generation of hydrogen as a clean and renewable fuel, are concisely summarized. Two classes of hybrid materials, i.e., organic–inorganic nanocomposites and hybrid halide perovskites, are reviewed and compared for designing photoelectrochemical cells. Furthermore, promising design strategies to enhance the device performance and stability are discussed.
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