Salt stress can significantly affect plant growth and agricultural productivity. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are believed to play essential roles in plant growth, development, and responses to ...abiotic stresses. Here, we identify a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, salt tolerance receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 1 (STRK1), from rice (Oryza sativa) that positively regulates salt and oxidative stress tolerance. Our results show that STRK1 anchors and interacts with CatC at the plasma membrane via palmitoylation. CatC is phosphorylated mainly at Tyr-210 and is activated by STRK1. The phosphorylation mimic form CatCY210D exhibits higher catalase activity both in vitro and in planta, and salt stress enhances STRK1-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation on CatC. Compared with wild-type plants, STRK1-overexpressing plants exhibited higher catalase activity and lower accumulation of H2O2 as well as higher tolerance to salt and oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrate that STRK1 improves salt and oxidative tolerance by phosphorylating and activating CatC and thereby regulating H2O2 homeostasis. Moreover, overexpression of STRK1 in rice not only improved growth at the seedling stage but also markedly limited the grain yield loss under salt stress conditions. Together, these results offer an opportunity to improve rice grain yield under salt stress.
How populations distribute in both space and time is one of the key issues in ecological systems, which can characterize the relationship between populations, space–time structure and evolution law. ...Consequently, pattern dynamics in ecosystems has been widely investigated including their causes and ecological functions. In order to systematically understand the interactions in ecosystems, we summarize the related results in pattern formation of ecological systems. Based on mathematical modeling and analysis, we show the mechanisms of different patterns including feedback, scale-dependent, phase separation, nonlocal effects, time delay and spatial heterogeneity. This work offers assistance for better understanding the complexity of ecosystems and provides new insights for self-organizations evolution and ecosystem protection. We hope that our results may be applied in other related fields such as epidemiology, medical science, atmospheric science and so on.
Panax notoginseng (Burk) F.H. Chen is an essential plant in the family of Araliaceae. Its seeds are classified as a type of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), and are characterized by recalcitrance ...during the after-ripening process. However, it is not clear about the molecular mechanism on the after-ripening in recalcitrant seeds.
In this study, exogenous supply of gibberellic acid (GA
) with different concentrations shortened after-ripening process and promoted the germination of P. notoginseng seeds. Among the identified plant hormone metabolites, exogenous GA
results in an increased level of endogenous hormone GA
through permeation. A total of 2971 and 9827 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in response to 50 mg L
GA
(LG) and 500 mg L
GA
(HG) treatment, respectively, and the plant hormone signal and related metabolic pathways regulated by GA
was significantly enriched. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that GA
treatment enhances GA biosynthesis and accumulation, while inhibiting the gene expression related to ABA signal transduction. This effect was associated with higher expression of crucial seed embryo development and cell wall loosening genes, Leafy Contyledon1 (LEC1), Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA), expansins (EXP) and Pectinesterase (PME).
Exogenous GA
application promotes germination and shorts the after-ripening process of P. notoginseng seeds by increasing GA
contents through permeation. Furthermore, the altered ratio of GA and ABA contributes to the development of the embryo, breaks the mechanical constraints of the seed coat and promotes the protrusion of the radicle in recalcitrant P. notoginseng seeds. These findings improve our knowledge of the contribution of GA to regulating the dormancy of MPD seeds during the after-ripening process, and provide new theoretical guidance for the application of recalcitrant seeds in agricultural production and storage.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, we discuss a diffusive predator–prey system with mutually interfering predator and nonlinear harvesting in predator with Crowley–Martin functional response. The mathematical analysis ...of the system starts with the existence and uniqueness of solution of the system using
C
0
semigroup. The analysis reflects that the upper bound of rate of predator harvesting for the coexistence of the species can be guaranteed. In addition, we establish the existence and nonexistence of non-constant positive steady state. Explicit conditions on predator harvesting are obtained for local and global stability of interior equilibrium and also for the existence and nonexistence of non-constant steady-state solution. We also investigate conditions for Turing instabilities of the diffusive system analytically. Our results show that the effort of harvesting (
g
) provides a threshold value for existence of non-constant positive stationary solution. Furthermore, we illustrate the spatial patterns via numerical simulations, which show that the system exhibits interesting patterns. Some biological implications of obtained theoretical results have also been discussed.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to test the δ18O and δ34S nanogram‐scale homogeneity of a suite of candidate sulfate minerals, ultimately selecting three barite, two anhydrite, and two ...gypsum samples from the Royal Ontario Museum that have repeatabilities for their SIMS measurements of better than ±0.39‰ and ±0.37‰ (1s) for oxygen and sulfur isotope ratios, respectively. Metrological splits of each of the seven materials were sent to multiple gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry laboratories in order to establish their absolute 18O/16O and 34S/32S ratios. The inter‐laboratory results of GS‐IRMS analyses yielded reasonably narrow ranges in δ18OVSMOW, whereas larger variations in δ34SVCDT values were found between the results from the gas source laboratories. All samples have good reproducibility within laboratories of GS‐IRMS 103δ18O values of between ±0.24‰ and ±0.44‰ (1s). The reproducibility within laboratories of GS‐IRMS 103δ34S values range from ±0.07‰ to ±0.99‰ (1s). Here we also discuss some of the current analytical limitations affecting these isotope‐mineral systems. A total of 256 metrological splits have been prepared from each of these seven materials; these aliquots will be made available to the global geochemical community.
Key points
Three barite, two anhydrite and two gypsum reference materials for in situ SIMS oxygen and sulfur isotope ratio measurements.
All seven materials have good measurement repeatability by SIMS ‐ better than ±0.39‰ and ±0.37‰ (1s) for oxygen and sulfur isotope ratios, respectively.
Good reproducibility of GS‐IRMS 103δ18O values between ±0.24‰ and ±0.44‰ (1s), whereas an acceptable reproducibility of GS‐IRMS 103δ34S values ranges from ±0.07‰ to ±0.99‰ (1s).
The seeds of
(Burk.) F. H. Chen are typically characterized by their recalcitrance and after-ripening process and exhibit a high water content at harvest as well as a high susceptibility to ...dehydration. Storage difficulty and the low germination of recalcitrant seeds of
are known to cause an obstacle to agricultural production. In this study, the ratio of embryo to endosperm (Em/En) in abscisic acid (ABA) treatments (1 mg·l
and 10 mg·l
, LA and HA) was 53.64% and 52.34%, respectively, which were lower than those in control check (CK) (61.98%) at 30 days of the after-ripening process (DAR). A total of 83.67% of seeds germinated in the CK, 49% of seeds germinated in the LA treatment, and 37.33% of seeds germinated in the HA treatment at 60 DAR. The ABA, gibberellin (GA), and auxin (IAA) levels were increased in the HA treatment at 0 DAR, while the jasmonic acid (JA) levels were decreased. ABA, IAA, and JA were increased, but GA was decreased with HA treatment at 30 DAR. A total of 4,742, 16,531, and 890 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the HA-treated and CK groups, respectively, along with obvious enrichment in the ABA-regulated plant hormone pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The expression of
(
) and
(
) increased in the ABA-treated groups, whereas the expression of
(
) decreased, both of which are related to the ABA signaling pathway. As a result of the changes in expression of these genes, increased ABA signaling and suppressed GA signaling could inhibit the growth of the embryo and the expansion of developmental space. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that MAPK signaling cascades might be involved in the amplification of hormone signaling. Meanwhile, our study uncovered that the exogenous hormone ABA could inhibit embryonic development, promote dormancy, and delay germination in recalcitrant seeds. These findings reveal the critical role of ABA in regulating the dormancy of recalcitrant seeds, and thereby provide a new insight into recalcitrant seeds in agricultural production and storage.
Predator switching is an indispensable factor for a general predator in food chain and spatial motions is also the basic feature in the dynamics of ecosystems. However, the effects of those behavior ...on population dynamic are not fully understood. To explore their roles, we introduce a predator-prey model with diffusion. What is more, we take the prey as a part of environmental carrying capacity of predator in model to describe predator switching which we also called predation dependence. Our purpose is to reveal that how this predator spatial distribution transforms and density change as the degree of dependence about predator on prey or prey’s mobility varies. Through the analysis of Hopf and Turing bifurcation, exact Turing region is obtained. Furthermore, to find which kind of pattern will arise we study the amplitude equations of the Turing pattern after carrying out the multiple scale analysis. Additionally, we alter the parameters which we are concerned in Turing domain to investigate how patterns transform. The results suggest that when the mobility of prey crosses a certain value, the prey population is inclined to extinct, its existence is being threatened. However, when the predator is dependent on this prey, then both population density of them will augment as the degree of dependence increases. This work systematically reveals the impact of spatial mobility and predator switching on population sustainability.
Structure–performance investigation has become one of those significant trends for energetic materials and energetic crystallography inevitably. Herein, we report two new energetic materials deriving ...from a famous thermally stable explosive benzopyridotetraazapentalene, which was first developed by Huynh and Hiskey, et al., at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Owing to the incorporation of amino groups, these two energetic materials exhibit different amusing physical performance. Understanding their structures, properties, performances, and the relationship among them is the basis for the rational design of thermally stable energetic materials. Moreover, for these energetic conjugated systems, the density overlap regions indicator analysis was also employed for necessarily visualizing and quantifying the covalent and noncovalent interactions. It is evident that this strategy of incorporating amino groups into energetic materials increased the coplanarity of the energetic fused ring, owing to the contribution of hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions, which can further decrease their sensitivity. However, we also found that the integrity of intramolecular hydrogen -bonding interaction was the critical factor, which affected the thermal stability of energetic molecules with the amino groups inserting progressively. It is notable that diamino-substituted energetic compound 8 exhibits comparable thermal stability (320 °C) to that of HNS, more dense (d: 1.84 g cm–3), higher nitrogen content (37.43%), and lower sensitivity (impact sensitivity: 12 J, friction sensitivity > 360 N), superior to those of HNS. These discoveries can effectively assist the design and preparation of other promising thermally stable energetic materials toward future high-performing energy applications.
► The corrosion behavior of steel was studied continuously by EIS and LPR techniques. ► Bode plots contain more information concerning with the time constant for a reinforcement steel in SCCP ...solution. ► The phase angles increase and broaden with the improvement of passive film. ► 0.01M can be defined as a critical Cl− value for steel corrosion in this solution. ► MnS inclusions at the steel surface play a leading role in pitting corrosion.
The corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel in simulated carbonated concrete pore (SCCP) solution containing different concentrations of chloride was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements simultaneously, and the topographies of the steel specimens and the elemental distribution at corrosion area were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM)/electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The results showed the capacitive loop and polarization resistance decreased with chloride increasing. Furthermore, when the chloride concentration reached a critical value, the Bode plots obviously exhibited two phase angle peaks indicating two time constants. However, when the chloride content exceeded a critical value, the phase angle peaks decreased to one phenomenal peak. An equivalent circuit with two RC loops was used to characterize the corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel in SCCP solution according to the measurements of EIS. Based on the dependence of the equivalent circuit elements on chloride content and immersion time, the formation, growth and breakdown of passive film of the steel were discussed. It was found that the EIS evaluation of corrosion behavior for reinforcement steel in SCCP solution was good agreement with the LPR and SEM measurements. The EMPA mapping revealed MnS inclusions at steel surface play a leading role in the initiation of pitting corrosion.
The research aimed to understand farmers’ willingness to adopt (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) for precision pesticide technologies and analyzed the determinants of farmers’ decision-making. We ...used a two-stage approach to consider farmers’ WTA and WTP for precision pesticide technologies. A survey of 545 apple farmers was administered in Bohai Bay and the Loess Plateau in China. The data were analyzed using the double-hurdle model. The results indicated that 78.72% of respondents were willing to apply precision pesticide technologies provided by service organizations such as cooperatives and dedicated enterprises, and 69.72% were willing to buy the equipment for using precision pesticide technologies. The results of the determinant analysis indicated that farmers’ perceived perceptions, farm scale, cooperative membership, access to digital information, and availability of financial services had significant and positive impacts on farmers’ WTA precision pesticide technologies. Cooperative membership, technical training, and adherence to environmental regulations increased farmers’ WTP for precision pesticide technologies. Moreover, nonlinear relationships between age, agricultural experience, and farmers’ WTA and WTP for precision pesticide technology services were found.
PDF
