Influenza virus is a significant pathogen in humans and animals with the ability to cause extensive morbidity and mortality. Exuberant immune responses induced following infection have been described ...as a “cytokine storm,” associated with excessive levels of proinflammatory cytokines and widespread tissue damage. Recent studies have painted a more complex picture of cytokine networks and their contributions to clinical outcomes. While many cytokines clearly inflict immunopathology, others have non-pathological delimited roles in sending alarm signals, facilitating viral clearance, and promoting tissue repair, such as the IL-33—amphiregulin axis, which plays a key role in resolving some types of lung damage. Recent literature suggests that type 2 cytokines, traditionally thought of as not involved in anti-influenza immunity, may play an important regulatory role. Here, we discuss the diverse roles played by cytokines after influenza infection and highlight new, serene features of the cytokine storm, while highlighting the specific functions of relevant cytokines that perform unique immune functions and may have applications for influenza therapy.
In Gursky and Streets (Geom Topol 22(6):3501–3573, 2018) defined a new formal Riemannian metric on conformal classes of four-manifolds and they proved that the sectional curvature is nonpositive. In ...this paper, we generalize the result to higher-dimensional case when
g
is locally conformally flat.
Alginic acid is a natural polysaccharide, which has been widely concerned and applied due to its excellent water solubility, film formation, biodegradability and biocompatibility. This paper briefly ...describes the source, properties, structure and application of sodium alginate by summarizing and analyzing the current literature. This paper reviews the application of sodium alginate in the fields of food industry, catalyst, health, water treatment, packaging, immobilized cells, and looks forward to its application prospects.
•The source, structure and molecular weight of alginic acid•Physicochemical properties and various biological activities of alginic acid•Application of alginic acid in various fields (food, medicine, environmental protection, packaging, immobilized cells, etc.)•Alginic acid has potential commercial value and uses.
With the increasing global electromagnetic pollution, it is more and more important to develop lightweight, flexible, and high electromagnetic shielding materials. Two-dimensional (2D) transition ...metal material MXenes have good conductivity and excellent electromagnetic shielding performance. Herein, a facile and effective method is reported to synthesize lightweight and flexible MXene/CNF/silver (MCS) composite membranes with a brick-like structure and high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. MCS composite membranes have an electromagnetic shielding performance of 50.7 dB due to MXene self-reduction of silver nanoparticles and the brick-like structure, compared with that of MXene/CNF (MC) membranes ( 14.98 dB). In addition, the MCS composite membranes exhibit super-thin thickness (46 μm) and good tensile strength (up to 32.1 MPa), and their good mechanical properties are attributed to the addition of CNFs. Moreover, the MCS composite membranes show good electrical conductivity (588.2 S m
−1
). Therefore, MCS composite membranes that are lightweight and flexible and have high electromagnetic shielding performance can replace other electromagnetic shielding materials and be used in aerospace, weapon equipment, and wearable smart materials.
Flexible and lightweight MXene/CNF/silver composite membranes are vacuum filtered to form a high electromagnetic shielding material with a brick-like structure. The membranes have an excellent electromagnetic shielding performance of 50.7 dB.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damages, dysfunctions, and failures of various organs. An important complication of diabetes is the disturbance in the male reproductive system. ...Glucose metabolism is an important event in spermatogenesis. Moreover, glucose metabolism is also important for maintaining basic cell activity, as well as specific functions, such as motility and fertilization ability in mature sperm. Diabetic disease and experimentally induced diabetes both demonstrated that either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes could have detrimental effects on male fertility, especially on sperm quality, such as sperm motility, sperm DNA integrity, and ingredients of seminal plasma. Epigenetic modifications are essential during spermatogenesis. The epigenetic regulation represents chromatin modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, remodeling of nucleosomes and the higher-order chromatin reorganization and noncoding RNAs. If spermatogenesis is affected during the critical developmental window, embryonic gonadal development, and germline differentiation, environmentally-induced epigenetic modifications may become permanent in the germ line epigenome and have a potential impact on subsequent generations through epigenetic transgenerational inheritance. Diabetes may influence the epigenetic modification during sperm spermatogenesis and that these epigenetic dysregulation may be inherited through the male germ line and passed onto more than one generation, which in turn may increase the risk of diabetes in offspring.
•DCNNs were used for regression and classification predictions of soil properties.•DCNNs outperformed single-task shallow CNN and traditional approaches.•DCNNs do not need spectral dimension ...reduction for modeling soil spectral data.•The position of feature wavelengths differed among the soil properties.
Soil, as a non-renewable resource, should be monitored continuously to prevent its degradation and promote sustainable agriculture. Soil spectroscopy in the visible-near infrared range is a fast and cost-effective analytical technique to predict soil properties. Although traditional machine learning methods are widely used for modeling soil spectral data, large spectral datasets may require better analytical methods for big data. Here, we explored the modeling potential of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for soil properties based on a large soil spectral library. The European topsoil dataset provided by the Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) was used for DCNN modeling with the original absorbance spectra. Two single-task 16-layer DCNN models (LucasResNet-16 and LucasVGGNet-16) were used to make regression predictions of seven soil properties and classification predictions of soil texture. The effects of data pre-processing on single-task and multi-task DCNN modeling were assessed. The SHapley Additive exPlanations method was used to interpret the output of a DCNN model (LucasResNet-16). The DCNN models produced accurate predictions for most soil properties, and were superior to a single-task shallow convolutional neural network and traditional machine learning methods. Spectral transformation was effective for predicting some soil properties, while spectral downsampling led to a reduction in the modeling accuracy. The performance of a multi-task DCNN model built on the basis of LucasResNet-16 was improved compared with the performance of the single-task model. Soil organic carbon content, nitrogen content, cation exchange capacity, pH, and calcium carbonate content were well predicted, with the root mean squared error of 19.130 g∙kg−1, 0.971 g∙kg−1, 6.614 cmol(+)∙kg−1, 0.326, and 24.526 g∙kg−1, respectively. The overall classification accuracy of soil texture was 0.749 (four groups) and 0.566 (12 levels). The position of feature wavelengths differed among the soil properties, for which multiple characteristic peaks were common. This study fully demonstrates the modeling potential of deep learning with soil ultraspectral data, which could enhance precision agriculture.
Abstract Graphene has shown great potential both in photothermal therapy and drug delivery. Herein, we developed doxorubicin-loaded PEGylated nanographene oxide (NGO-PEG-DOX) to facilitate combined ...chemotherapy and photothermal therapy in one system. In this work, we studied the ablation of tumor both in vivo and in vitro by the combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy using this functional graphene oxide. The ability of the NGO-PEG-DOX nanoparticle to combine the local specific chemotherapy with external near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment. Compared with chemotherapy or photothermal therapy alone, the combined treatment demonstrated a synergistic effect, resulting in higher therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, lower systematic toxicity of NGO-PEG-DOX than DOX was proved by the pathologic examination of main organs in our toxicity study.
Sulfone‐embedded heterocyclics are of great interest in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), however, exploring highly efficient narrowband emitters based on sulfone‐embedded heterocyclics remains ...challenging. Herein, five emitters with different sulfur valence state and molecular rigidity, namely tP, tCPD, 2tCPD, tPD and tPT, are thoroughly analysed. With restricted twisting of flexible peripheral phenyl by strengthening molecular rigidity, molecular emission spectra can be enormously narrowed. Further, introducing the sulfone group with bending vibration in low‐frequency region that suppresses high‐frequency vibration, sharp narrow full‐widths at half‐maximum of 28 and 25 nm are achieved for 2tCPD and tPD, respectively. Maximum external quantum efficiencies of 22.0 % and 27.1 % are successfully realized for 2tCPD‐ and tPD‐based OLED devices. These results offer a novel design strategy for constructing narrowband emitters by introducing sulfone group into a rigid molecular framework.
Restricted excited state relaxation was achieved by strengthening molecular rigidity, and this was combined with the suppressed high‐frequency bending vibration possible by introducing the sulfone group. In this way, extremely narrow full‐widths at half‐maximum of 25 and 28 nm were realized for 2tCPD and tPD, respectively.
Sulfone group plays a pivotal role in narrowing emission spectra, while, precise modification with sulfone group for carbonyl‐based narrowband emitters that maintain high color purity remains ...challenging. Herein, a comprehensive exploration of the function of the sulfone group is performed with various sulfur valences and positions fused into traditional carbonyl‐based narrowband emission unit QAO, namely SpiroS‐QAO, SpiroSO2‐QAO, SpiroO‐QAO, and SpiroOSO2‐QAO. A rigid molecular skeleton with a spiro structure as an intramolecular lock enables the four emitters to exhibit narrowband emissions. After full oxidization of sulfur, the emission band of SpiroSO2‐QAO is further narrowed, with full width at half maximum of 32 nm, compared to that of 43 nm for sulfane‐decorated SpiroS‐QAO, which is attributed to the suppressed C─S bond‐length variation by the introduction of sulfone group. Nearly identical spectra of SpiroO‐QAO and SpiroOSO2‐QAO suggest that the sulfone group should be directly linked to the emission core to maximize its function. Maximum external quantum efficiencies of 30.8%, 30.3%, and 29.2% are achieved for SpiroO‐QAO, SpiroOSO2‐QAO, and SpiroS‐QAO‐based sensitized organic light‐emitting diodes with highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence assistant host. These results offer a comprehensive understanding of the sulfone group embedded into the narrowband emission core with respect to the narrowing emission band.
Sulfane‐ and sulfone‐containing spiro structures are peripherally integrated into the QAO unit to maintain a rigid molecular structure for carbonyl‐based narrowband emitters. The C─S bond‐length variation can be further alleviated by the incorporated S═O bonds to realize a narrower emission band of SpiroSO2‐QAO with full width at half maximum of 32 nm compared to 43 nm for SpiroS‐QAO.
A ratiometric fluorescence sensor for sensitive and selective dopamine detection based on carbon dots-gold nanoclusters hybrid
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•A ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on CDots-AuNCs ...hybrid was designed for dopamine detection.•The sensor provided remarkable ratiometric fluorescence intensity change.•The sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity.•Human serum samples were analyzed.
In this work, a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based ratiometric fluorescent probe, carbon dots-gold nanoclusters hybrid (CDots-AuNCs), was fabricated for selective, sensitive and reliable sensing of dopamine (DA). This FRET probe is comprised of a two-fluorophore, where carbon dots (CDots) serve as the energy donor and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as the acceptor, with dual emission peaks at 420 nm and 610 nm under a single excitation wavelength of 380 nm. The addition of DA to this probe solution resulted in the fluorescence at 610 nm quenching, while the blue fluorescence at 420 nm recovering. By monitoring the change of ratiometric fluorescent intensity at 420 and 610 nm, the DA could be detected with the range from 5 to 180 nM and a limit of detection around 2.9 nM. Finally, the developed sensing method was successfully applied to DA determination in serum samples with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 95%–105%.
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