This study draws on the Psychology of Working Theory (PWT) framework to examine a structural model of the predictors and outcomes of decent work in a sample of 377 Chinese urban workers. The model ...consists of subjective social status as a precursor, job satisfaction and turnover intention as two outcomes, work volition and decent work as two mediators, and proactive personality and social support as two moderators buffering the prediction of social status. While the study found cross-cultural invariance in the measurement of work volition and decent work, the results supported the significant mediating roles of work volition and access to decent work in the relationship between social status and career-related outcomes and the moderating roles of proactive personality and social support. A detailed explanation of the results and implications for future research is provided.
•Providing initial evidence for Psychology of Working Theory in China•The inequivalence of the structure of the core variables in PWT was found.•Decent work and work volition mediated the effect of social class on career outcomes.•Social support and proactive personality moderated the predictions of social class.
As an effective and environmentally-friendly technology, the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) can realize value-added utilization of livestock wastes. However, there are some problems such as high ...ash content and low nutrient recovery of products. Since the HTC of corn cob (CC) showed excellent N-fixation effect, the co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of two typical agroforestry and livestock wastes, namely swine manure (SM) and CC, to prepare organic fertilizers was proposed. The effects of reaction temperature, residence time, and raw materials composition on hydrochar yield, total nutrient content (TNC) and nutrient elements distribution in co-HTC were investigated. Results showed that compared to SM and SM-derived hydrochars, the Co-hydrochars derived from co-HTC of SM and CC exhibited better fertilizer potentials due to the synergistic effects such as Maillard reaction between raw materials components. Under the optimal hydrothermal conditions of 240 °C, 120 min, and mixing ratio of 1:1, the Co-hydrochar showed the best fertility with TNC of 6.341 %, nitrogen (N) recovery of 47.61 % and phosphorus (P) recovery of 86.41 %. Meanwhile, the co-HTC treatment could reduce the phytotoxicity and inhibitory effect for seed germination. Moreover, an appropriate extension of residence time (from 60 min to 120 min) was conducive to the migration of N into the hydrochar. The hydrochars derived from co-HTC were also rich in medium-microelements such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) etc., which played good roles in fixing P in hydrochars.
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•Co-HTC of corn cob and pig manure to prepare organic fertilizer was proposed.•The co-hydrochars showed the best fertility at 240 °C and 120 min for mixing ratio of 1:1.•Co-hydrochars had high P recovery of 86.41 % and were rich in medium-microelements.•Co-hydrochars had lower phytotoxicity and inhibitory compared to swine manure.
It has been well‐known that hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides, orexin‐A, and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH), play important roles in regulation of gastric function. However, what neural ...pathway mediated by the two neuropeptides affects the gastric function remains unknown. In this study, by way of nucleic stimulation and extracellular recording of single unit electrophysiological properties, we found that electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) or microinjection of orexin‐A into the arcuate nucleus (ARC) excited most gastric distension‐responsive neurons in the nuclei and enhanced the gastric function including motility, emptying, and acid secretion of conscious rats. The results indicated that LH‐ARC orexin‐A‐ergic projections may exist and the orexin‐A in the ARC affected afferent and efferent signal transmission between ARC and stomach. As expected, combination of retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry showed that some orexin‐A‐ergic neurons projected from the LH to the ARC. In addition, microinjection of MCH and its receptor antagonist PMC‐3881‐PI into the ARC affected the role of orexin‐A in the ARC, indicating a possible involvement of the MCH pathway in the orexin‐A role. Our findings suggest that there was an orexin‐A‐ergic pathway between LH and ARC which participated in transmitting information between the central nuclei and the gastrointestinal tract and in regulating the gastric function of rats.
This study aimed to reveal whether and how the hypothalamic orexin‐A and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) participated in the regulation of gastric function. We found that orexin‐A, when microinjected into the arcuate nucleus (ARC), regulated the gastric distension (GD)‐responsive neurons and enhanced gastric motility, which were partly blocked by SB334867 or PMC‐3881‐PI, antagonists for orexin‐A receptor and MCH receptor, respectively. The latter indicated that MCH pathway was likely involved in the process. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) increased the firing activities of GD‐responsive neurons in the ARC and promoted the gastric motility. When fluorogold was injected to the ARC, orexin‐A/fluorogold double‐labeled neurons were identified in the LH, indicating that HL‐ARC orexin‐A‐ergic projections existed, orexin‐A in the LH played a pivotal role in the central regulation of gastric motility and the ARC participated in the regulatory process of LH.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the content of chlorogenic acid in burdock standard water extract (BSWE) was about 1.22and#177;0.07 mg/g and no araciin and ...arctigenin was detected. The inulin was determined to be 174.33and#177;3.68 mg/g in BSWE by colorimetry method. The amino acids were analyzed by the amino acid analyzer and showed that asparagine and arginine are higher and determined to be 3021.00and#177;13.53mg/100g, 2042.33and#177;8.62mg/100g in BSWE, respectively. The results of aphrodisiac pharmacological experiments showed that the number of riding, insertions and the latency of rats in BSWE groups showed significant differences as compared with control, at the 7th day and 15th day after drug administration. Further study indicated that the aphrodisiac effect of BSWE is mostly associated with its regulation on NO, sialic acid and antioxidative ways and arginine should be one of the active components in BSWE.
Orexin-A is a circulating neuropeptide and neurotransmitter that regulates food intake and gastric motility. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), which regulates feeding behavior and gastric ...function, expresses the orexin-1 receptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of microinjection of exogenous orexin-A into the CeA, on food intake and gastric motility, and to explore the mechanisms of these effects. Normal chow and high fat food (HFF) intake were measured, gastric motility and gastric emptying were evaluated, extracellular single unit firing was recorded, and c-fos expression was determined. The results showed that microinjection of orexin-A into the CeA resulted in increased HFF intake but did not affect normal chow intake. This effect was blocked by an orexin-1 receptor antagonist-SB-334867 and was partially blocked by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist-SCH-23390. Gastric motility and gastric emptying were enhanced by orexin-A, and the former effect was abolished by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The firing frequency of gastric distention-related neurons was regulated by orexin-A
the orexin-1 receptor. Furthermore, c-fos expression was increased in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in response to microinjection of orexin-A into the CeA. These findings showed that orexin-A regulated palatable food intake and gastric motility
the CeA. The LHA, the VTA, and the NAc may participate in palatable food intake and the CeA-DMV-vagus-stomach pathway may be involved in regulating gastric motility through the regulation of neuronal activity in the CeA.
Background
Oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in regulating gastric function. How OT regulates stress‐induced gastric ulcers is not understood. We investigated OT's protective role in ...stress‐induced gastric ulcers, with a focus on OT's interaction with the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine pathway.
Methods
Drugs administration into the rats brain nuclei by brain stereotaxic apparatus, to examine related changes in gastric ulcer index, pH of gastric content, and mucus secretion, and to determine complex interactions between OT and DA systems in the regulation of stress and gastric functions.
Key Results
Neurons in the VTA were co‐immunoreactive for the OT receptor (OTR) and DA. In a rat model of stress‐induced ulcer, water‐immersion restricted stress, direct administration of OT into the VTA significantly reduced gastric ulcer index and increased the pH of gastric content and mucus secretion. OT's effects were eliminated by pretreatment with the OTR antagonist atosiban in the VTA and weakened with pretreatment of the DA D2 receptor (DA D2R) antagonist raclopride in the NAc. In OTR gene knockout (Oxtr−/−) mice, OT's protective effect was lost. OT administered to the VTA of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV)‐lesioned rats had minimal protective effects on gastric mucosa.
Conclusions and Inferences
This study provides important data necessary for a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between OT and DA systems in the regulation of stress and gastric functions. It provides relevant mechanistic clues into OT's role as a protective factor against stress‐induced changes to gastric function.
This study provides important data necessary for a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between OT and DA systems in the regulation of stress and gastric functions. It provides relevant mechanistic clues into OT's role as a protective factor against stress‐induced changes to gastric function.
The most common side effects of cisplatin chemotherapy are nausea and vomiting, and the overwhelming majority of research studies on the mechanism of cisplatin-induced nausea have been focused on the ..."vomiting center." As a modulatory center of gastric motility, the roles of the hypothalamus in nausea and vomiting remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of exogenous orexin-A injected into the arcuate nucleus (ARC) on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting, and the possible underlying mechanism. Kaolin intake was calculated daily in cisplatin-treated and saline-treated rats. Gastric motility recording, injections into the ARC, and lesions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were used to study the effects of orexin-A and the hypothalamic nucleus on disorders of gastrointestinal function in cisplatin-treated rats. The pathway from the ARC to the PVN was observed through Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing. Furthermore, an NPY Y1 receptor antagonist was administered to explore the possible mechanisms involved in the effects of orexin-A in the ARC. We illustrated that exogenous orexin-A injected into the ARC reduced kaolin intake and promoted gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats, and these effects could have been blocked by an ipsilateral PVN lesion or co-injected antagonist of orexin-A-SB334867. Additional results showed that orexin-A-activated neurons in the ARC communicated directly with other neurons in the PVN that express neuropeptide Y (NPY). Furthermore, activation of the downstream NPY pathway was required for the observed effects of orexin in the ARC on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. These findings reveal a novel neurobiological circuit from the ARC to the PVN that might provide a potential target for the prevention and treatment of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting.
Abstract The orexins system consists of two G-protein coupled receptors (the orexin-1 and the orexin-2 receptor) and two neuropeptides, orexin-A and orexin-B. Orexin-A is an excitatory neuropeptide ...that regulates arousal, wakefulness and appetite. Recent studies have shown that orexin-A may promote gastric motility. We aim to explore the effects of orexin-A on the gastric -distension (GD) sensitive neurons and gastric motility in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and the possible regulation by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Extracellular single unit discharges were recorded and the gastric motility was monitored by administration of orexin-A into the LHA and electrical stimulation of the PVN. There were GD neurons in the LHA, and administration of orexin-A to the LHA could increase the firing rate of both GD-excitatory (GD-E) and GD-inhibited (GD-I) neurons. The gastric motility was significantly enhanced by injection of orexin-A into the LHA with a dose dependent manner, which could be completely abolished by pre-treatment with orexin-A receptor antagonist SB334867. Electrical stimulation of the PVN could significantly increase the firing rate of GD neurons responsive to orexin-A in the LHA as well as promote gastric motility of rats. However, those effects could be partly blocked by pre-treatment with SB334867 in the LHA. It is suggested that orexin-A plays an important role in promoting gastric motility via LHA. The PVN may be involved in regulation of LHA on gastric motility.
The surface density changes of the central region of the sites treated by using the CO2 laser-based non-evaporative damage mitigation for fused silica are investigated by attenuated total ...reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The ATR-FTIR peak shifts of the treated sites of fused silica are monitored to determine the changes of the corresponding density. For the quenching treated sites, the surface density is increased by (0.24 ± 0.01)% compared with the initial density but the laser annealing by the exposure of a power ramp down after damage mitigation effectively suppresses the structural changes of treated sites, which could reduce the increase of the corresponding density to (0.08 ± 0.01)%. The results provide sufficient evidence that the laser annealing by a power ramp down after damage mitigation has a positive effect on the control of the structural change induced by CO2 laser-based damage mitigation.
A prickle is an acuminate protuberance formed by the deformation of plant
trichomes together with a few cortical cells. It is a type of multicellular
eglandular trichome with special morphology, ...which originates from the
phloem but is not connected to the xylem. Rosa rugosa is an important
ornamental/commercial plant and an important raw material in the food and
perfume industries. However, the firm prickles on its stems are inconvenient
to field management, the harvesting of flowers and garden management. The
TTG1 transcription factor related to the development of prickle was isolated
from R. rugosa in the present study. Its expression patterns in different
tissues and varieties were analyzed. Results showed the expression level of
the RrTTG1 gene was highest in the leaves, followed by the stems, but was
lower in the pericarps and petals. Moreover, the higher expression level of
the RrTTG1 gene in all tissues of the ?Ciguo rose?, as compared with that of
the ?Weihai wild rose?, follows the results of field morphological
observation. Therefore, the RrTTG1 transcription factor is likely to
regulate the development of rose prickles. This study allows for further
discussion on the molecular mechanisms of prickle formation and development
in R. rugosa and provides a molecular basis for the cultivation of roses
with fewer or no prickles via genetic engineering.
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