Imagining multilingual schools Ofelia García, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, María E. Torres-Guzmán / Ofelia García, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, María E. Torres-Guzmán
2006, 2006-06-15, Letnik:
2
eBook, Book
This book brings together visions and realities of multilingual schools throughout the world in order to examine the pedagogical, socioeducational, and sociopolitical issues that impact on their ...development and success. The chapters describe and analyze pedagogical, instructional, and policy efforts to develop multilingualism through school with different targeted populations -- immigrant students, indigenous peoples, traditional minorities, majorities, and multiethnic/multilingual groups. Each contribution, many written by well- known scholars in the field of bilingual and multilingual education, affirms the desirability of multilingualism as a societal resource and as a right of individuals, while acknowledging the social, economic and political differences that make the acquisition of multilingualism easy for some, and difficult for others. And yet, the book focuses on the school as a place of promise and resistance, having the potential to preserve, recover, and expand the world's linguistic diversity. The introduction, written by the co-editors, identifies the conceptual threads that are developed throughout the chapters. But the chapters themselves remind us of the importance of local conditions, despite the global pressures of the 21st century, in imagining and creating multilingual educational spaces.
A technique was developed to measure dielectric constant at microscale based on the system theory approach using an atomic force microscopy (AFM), this makes possible the electrical characterization ...of dielectric materials using an optimized instrumentation. This technique is capable of measuring capacitance on either metallic contact–insulator–metallic contact or metallic contact–insulator with the AFM tip as the upper contact, the dielectric constant can be calculated from these results. The technique compares the frequency response between the input voltage and the output voltage of an equivalent RC-circuit (resistance–capacitance) in the frequency range 1 Hz–60 kHz. This comparison is analyzed using a transfer function model and a least-squares process to get the time constant involved in this kind of circuit, facilitating the implementation of this technique with any atomic force microscopy equipment. Additionally, the measurements can be carried out in a single point or in a mapping. The measurements were carried out on two hybrid films, PMMA–TiO
2
–SiO
2
and PMMA–TiO
2
–BT, which were prepared by sol–gel technique and deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates. The results obtained with this technique agreed with conventional measurements that use commercial capacitance–voltage analyzer, and indicated that dielectric constant is 11.31 for PMMA–TiO
2
–SiO
2
, and 15.41 for PMMA–TiO
2
–BT.
Citrus leprosis virus C
(CiLV-C) is an economically important pathogen and the main causative agent of leprosis disease in citrus orchards. The main vector of this disease, the mite
Brevipalpus ...yothersi
, is widely distributed in Mexican orchards on a wide range of citrus species. Despite the importance of both the virus and the mite, field studies recording their occurrence and co-occurrence are practically non-existent. We systematically sampled orange orchards for both CiLV-C and
B. yothersi
throughout the year. The distribution of the CiLV-C and
B. yothersi
was evaluated on each sampling occasion and their spatiotemporal associations were determined. Specifically, 100–112 orange trees, distributed in 18 rows (five or six trees per row), were sampled monthly between March 2017 and February 2018 (11 sampling dates). Twenty leaves per tree were sampled on each occasion. The number of mites per tree and the percentage of leaves per tree with disease symptoms were recorded. On each sampling occasion, spatiotemporal associations between mites and disease were determined using the Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) method. CiLV-C and
B. yothersi
were identified using molecular methods. Throughout the study, the distribution of CiLV-C was aggregated and the distribution of
B. yothersi
was random. No association was found between the virus and the mite on any of the sampling dates. In total, 173 mites were collected, but only 43 mites were found to be carrying CiLV-C. The reason for this lack of association between the virus and the mite, as well as the impact of our findings on the epidemiology of the disease in orange orchards, are discussed.
The treatment of agroindustrial residues is an alternative to waste management and obtain products with added value. In this article, we describe the confocal microscopy images, the microbiological ...data, policosanol content and color measurement linked to the paper “production of dietary fibers from sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane tops using microwave - assisted alkaline treatments”. The data contain photographs after elaboration of noodles-type pasta and chapatti-type fermented bread; the confocal laser scanning micrographs, before and after including sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane tops fibers in foods. Microbiological analyses of total coliforms, molds and yeasts, and aerobic mesophiles were also presented according to Mexican Standard NOM- 247-SSA1-2008 which confirmed that the food is safe for human consumption. The data provided in this article have not been previously published and are available to enable critical or extended analyses.
Using deep, high-spatial-resolution imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys (HST/ACS) Coma Cluster Treasury Survey, we determine colour profiles of early-type galaxies in ...the Coma cluster. From 176 galaxies brighter than M
F814W(AB)=−15 mag that are either spectroscopically confirmed members of Coma or identified by eye as likely members from their low surface brightness, data are provided for 142 early-type galaxies. Typically, colour profiles are linear against log (R), sometimes with a nuclear region of distinct, often bluer colour associated with nuclear clusters. Colour gradients are determined for the regions outside the nuclear components. We find that almost all colour gradients are negative, both for elliptical and for lenticular galaxies. Most likely, earlier studies that report positive colour gradients in dwarf galaxies are affected by the bluer colours of the nuclear clusters, underlining that high-resolution data are essential to disentangle the colour properties of the different morphological components in galaxies. Colour gradients of dwarf galaxies form a continuous sequence with those of elliptical galaxies, becoming shallower towards fainter magnitudes. Interpreting the colours as metallicity tracers, our data suggest that dwarfs as well as giant early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster are less metal rich in their outer parts. We do not find evidence for environmental influence on the gradients, although we note that most of our galaxies are found in the central regions of the cluster. For a subset of galaxies with known morphological types, S0 galaxies have less steep gradients than elliptical galaxies.
The Individually Powered Dipole (IPD) and Individually Powered Quadrupole (IPQ) magnets of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN are protected by a dedicated Quench Detection System (QDS). Within ...the scope of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade, the radiation level in the designated installation area will increase up to 25 Gy per year exceeding the radiation tolerance level of the existing system. In order to reinforce its radiation tolerance as well as its functionality, this protection system has been upgraded to withstand in enhanced luminosity. A radiation tolerant linear power supply has been developed to replace commercial switch mode devices. The design is based on tested Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) electronic components and takes advantage of an innovative, thermally efficient layout. At present, two power supplies are ensuring redundancy but no electrical separation from the magnet, thus galvanic isolation is implemented in the upgraded system parts. These comprise the universal magnet quench detector cards, the current leads and bus-bar splices quench detection cards. They use Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), where the quench detection algorithms are implemented. Additionally, a quench heater supervision system is present in the crate for integrity monitoring. The quench protection system is completed with the new, radiation tolerant, and fieldbus communication controller that provides enhanced diagnostics capabilities. The entire system has been recently successfully evaluated under radiation at the CERN High Energy Accelerator Mixed Field (CHARM) facility. This article describes the design and implementation of the new protection unit as well as the associated radiation qualification.
Aims
Differences in fibre‐type composition of skeletal muscle have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. As a poor nutrient environment early in life is a predisposing factor for the ...development of obesity and related metabolic diseases at adulthood, this study aimed at determining the long‐term consequences of maternal undernutrition on the structural and metabolic properties of two skeletal muscles characterized by their different fibre‐type composition and metabolic properties.
Methods
The fibre‐type composition and enzymatic activities of hexokinase (HK), beta‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (β‐HAD) and citrate synthase (CS) were measured in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from adult rats born to dams fed a control (17% protein) or a low‐protein 8% protein (PR) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. In addition, the expression levels of several genes regulating glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis were determined by real‐time PCR.
Results
Protein rats exhibited enhanced density of type II fibres along with decreased rate of fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis in soleus but not EDL. Malnourished rats exhibited also a different gene expression profile in soleus and EDL. Altogether, these alterations correspond to a state of energy deficiency and are present in animals which do not show yet any sign of obesity or glucose intolerance.
Conclusion
We conclude that maternal protein restriction alters in the long term the structural and enzymatic properties of offspring skeletal muscle in a fibre‐type‐dependent manner. These alterations might have a causative role in the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders later in life.
This paper proposes a new integral protection method of electrical systems for fault conditions independent of the magnitude or affected parameter, which includes conventional and high impedance ...faults. Additionally, the proposed method implements a simpler logic process than traditional protection methods. The method operates in a differential mode to overcome the drawbacks of legacy protection functions related to the maximum incident energy within the protected zone.
This paper presents the assessment of the proposed method to overcome hidden failures due to high impedance faults and to mitigate the arc-flash hazard in lines and transformers. The results of the proposed method on a steel manufacturer user are shown for different fault impedance conditions, linear and nonlinear characteristics. The results show the enhancement of clearing times and logic simplification due to the selective response of the proposed protection method in comparisson to traditional protection functions. This research presents a comparison against legacy protection functions showing how traditional protections would fail to operate in high impedance scenarios leading to unsafe working conditions.
This study focuses on the analysis of aerosol hygroscopic growth during the
Sierra Nevada Lidar AerOsol Profiling Experiment (SLOPE I) campaign by using
the synergy of active and passive remote ...sensors at the ACTRIS Granada
station and in situ instrumentation at a mountain station (Sierra Nevada,
SNS). To this end, a methodology based on simultaneous measurements of
aerosol profiles from an EARLINET multi-wavelength Raman lidar (RL) and
relative humidity (RH) profiles obtained from a multi-instrumental approach
is used. This approach is based on the combination of calibrated water vapor
mixing ratio (r) profiles from RL and continuous temperature profiles from
a microwave radiometer (MWR) for obtaining RH profiles with a reasonable
vertical and temporal resolution. This methodology is validated against the
traditional one that uses RH from co-located radiosounding (RS) measurements,
obtaining differences in the hygroscopic growth parameter (γ) lower
than 5 % between the methodology based on RS and the one presented here.
Additionally, during the SLOPE I campaign the remote sensing methodology used
for aerosol hygroscopic growth studies has been checked against Mie
calculations of aerosol hygroscopic growth using in situ measurements of
particle number size distribution and submicron chemical composition measured
at SNS. The hygroscopic case observed during SLOPE I showed an increase in
the particle backscatter coefficient at 355 and 532 nm with relative
humidity (RH ranged between 78 and 98 %), but also a decrease in the
backscatter-related Ångström exponent (AE) and particle linear
depolarization ratio (PLDR), indicating that the particles became larger and
more spherical due to hygroscopic processes. Vertical and horizontal wind
analysis is performed by means of a co-located Doppler lidar system, in order
to evaluate the horizontal and vertical dynamics of the air masses. Finally,
the Hänel parameterization is applied to experimental data for both
stations, and we found good agreement on γ measured with remote
sensing (γ532=0.48±0.01 and γ355=0.40±0.01) with respect to the values calculated using Mie theory
(γ532=0.53±0.02 and γ355=0.45±0.02),
with relative differences between measurements and simulations lower than
9 % at 532 nm and 11 % at 355 nm.
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