Objective
To review and complete meta‐analysis of studies estimating standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) for all‐cause and cause‐specific mortalities.
Method
...Cause‐specific mortality was grouped into natural and unnatural causes. These subgroups were further divided into circulatory, respiratory, neoplastic and infectious causes, and suicide and other violent deaths. Summary SMRs were calculated using random‐effects meta‐analysis. Heterogeneity was examined via subgroup analysis and meta‐regression.
Results
Systematic searching found 31 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Summary SMR for all‐cause mortality = 2.05 (95% CI 1.89–2.23), but heterogeneity was high (I2 = 96.2%). This heterogeneity could not be accounted for by date of publication, cohort size, mid‐decade of data collection, population type or geographical region. Unnatural death summary SMR = 7.42 (95% CI 6.43–8.55) and natural death = 1.64 (95% CI 1.47–1.83). Specifically, suicide SMR = 14.44 (95% CI 12.43–16.78), other violent death SMR = 3.68 (95% CI 2.77–4.90), deaths from circulatory disease = 1.73 (95% CI 1.54–1.94), respiratory disease = 2.92 (95% CI 2.00–4.23), infection = 2.25 (95% CI 1.70–3.00) and neoplasm = 1.14 (95% CI 1.10–1.21).
Conclusion
Despite considerable heterogeneity, all summary SMR estimates and a large majority of individual studies showed elevated mortality in BPAD compared to the general population. This was true for all causes of mortality studied.
•Low and medium CRF are associated with a greater risk of common mental health disorders.•CRF appears to have a dose-dependent relationship with common mental health disorders.•CRF could be useful ...for predicting and preventing common mental health disorders.
Physical activity is associated with a lower incidence of common mental health disorder, but less is known about the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).
In this review, we systematically evaluated the relationship between CRF and the incidence of common mental health disorders in prospective cohort studies. We systematically searched six major electronic databases from inception to 23rd of May 2019. We assessed study quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.
We were able to pool the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of four studies including at least 27,733,154 person-years of data. We found that low CRF (HR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.23 – 1.76 p < 0.001 I2 = 85.1) and medium CRF (HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.09 – 1.38 p < 0.001 I2 = 87.20) CRF are associated with a 47% and 23% greater risk of a common mental health disorders respectively, compared with high CRF. We found evidence to suggest a dose-response relationship between CRF and the risk of common mental health disorders.
We were only able to identify a small number of eligible studies from our search and heterogeneity was substantial in the subsequent meta-analysis.
Our findings indicate that there is a longitudinal association between CRF levels and the risk of a common mental health disorder. CRF levels could be useful for identifying and preventing common mental health disorders at a population-level.
Objective
To determine clinical predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder.
Methods
Systematic review of studies examining clinical predictors of lithium response was conducted. Meta‐analyses ...were performed when ≥2 studies examined the same potential predictor.
Results
A total of 71 studies, including over 12 000 patients, identified six predictors of good response: mania‐depression‐interval sequence odds ratio (OR): 4.27; 95% CI: 2.61, 6.97; P < 0.001, absence of rapid cycling (OR for rapid cycling: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.53; P < 0.001), absence of psychotic symptoms (OR for psychotic symptoms: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.79; P = 0.002), family history of bipolar disorder (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.52; P = 0.036), shorter prelithium illness duration standardised mean difference (SMD): −0.26; 95% CI: −0.41, −0.12; P < 0.001 and later age of onset (SMD: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.36; P = 0.029). Additionally, higher body mass index was associated with poor response in two studies (SMD: −0.61; 95% CI: −0.90, −0.32; P < 0.001). There was weak evidence for number of episodes prior to lithium treatment (SMD: −0.42; 95% CI: −0.84, −0.01; P = 0.046), number of hospitalisations before lithium (SMD: −0.40; 95% CI: −0.81, 0.01; P = 0.055) and family history of lithium response (OR: 10.28; 95% CI: 0.66, 161.26; P = 0.097).
Conclusions
The relative importance of these clinical characteristics should be interpreted with caution because of potential biases and confounding.
Background
Retroperitoneal sarcoma comprises a range of different histological subtypes with dissimilar behaviour and biology. This study sought to characterize the morbidity and mortality associated ...with multivisceral resection and oncological outcomes according to subtype.
Methods
All patients undergoing resection of primary retroperitoneal sarcoma at the Royal Marsden Hospital between January 2005 and December 2014 were identified from a database.
Results
Some 362 patients underwent resection, with 292 requiring multivisceral resection. The 30‐day mortality rate was 1·4 per cent (5 patients), the 30‐day morbidity rate was 15·7 per cent (57 patients), and 27 patients required a return to theatre. Age over 75 years was predictive of 30‐day mortality (hazard ratio 1·37, 95 per cent c.i. 1·13 to 1·65). The overall disease‐specific survival rate at 3 years was 81·2 per cent. For well differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, 3‐year local recurrence‐free survival rates were 98 (95 per cent c.i. 83 to 99), 56·7 (45·7 to 66·2) and 80 (67 to 89) per cent respectively. At 3 years the distant metastasis‐free survival rate was 100, 85·9 (77·4 to 91·4) and 65 (49 to 77) per cent, and the disease‐specific survival rate was 97 (89 to 99), 78·5 (74·6 to 82·4) and 79 (63 to 85) per cent for well differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma respectively.
Conclusion
Resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma was associated with a 30‐day mortality rate of less than 2 per cent and a morbidity rate of 15·7 per cent. The overall 3‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 81·2 per cent.
Treatment at specialized units is preferred
Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation on the Mars 2020 mission’s
Perseverance
rover. Mastcam-Z consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide broadband ...red/green/blue and narrowband 400-1000 nm color imaging with fields of view from 25.6° × 19.2° (26 mm focal length at 283 μrad/pixel) to 6.2° × 4.6° (110 mm focal length at 67.4 μrad/pixel). The cameras can resolve (≥ 5 pixels) ∼0.7 mm features at 2 m and ∼3.3 cm features at 100 m distance. Mastcam-Z shares significant heritage with the Mastcam instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory
Curiosity
rover. Each Mastcam-Z camera consists of zoom, focus, and filter wheel mechanisms and a 1648 × 1214 pixel charge-coupled device detector and electronics. The two Mastcam-Z cameras are mounted with a 24.4 cm stereo baseline and 2.3° total toe-in on a camera plate ∼2 m above the surface on the rover’s Remote Sensing Mast, which provides azimuth and elevation actuation. A separate digital electronics assembly inside the rover provides power, data processing and storage, and the interface to the rover computer. Primary and secondary Mastcam-Z calibration targets mounted on the rover top deck enable tactical reflectance calibration. Mastcam-Z multispectral, stereo, and panoramic images will be used to provide detailed morphology, topography, and geologic context along the rover’s traverse; constrain mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of surface materials; monitor and characterize atmospheric and astronomical phenomena; and document the rover’s sample extraction and caching locations. Mastcam-Z images will also provide key engineering information to support sample selection and other rover driving and tool/instrument operations decisions.
The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) Investigation is one of 5 fields-and-particles investigations on the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. MMS comprises 4 spacecraft flying in close ...formation in highly elliptical, near-Earth-equatorial orbits targeting understanding of the fundamental physics of the important physical process called magnetic reconnection using Earth’s magnetosphere as a plasma laboratory. EPD comprises two sensor types, the Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) with one instrument on each of the 4 spacecraft, and the Fly’s Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) with 2 instruments on each of the 4 spacecraft. EIS measures energetic ion energy, angle and elemental compositional distributions from a required low energy limit of 20 keV for protons and 45 keV for oxygen ions, up to >0.5 MeV (with capabilities to measure up to >1 MeV). FEEPS measures instantaneous all sky images of energetic electrons from 25 keV to >0.5 MeV, and also measures total ion energy distributions from 45 keV to >0.5 MeV to be used in conjunction with EIS to measure all sky ion distributions. In this report we describe the EPD investigation and the details of the EIS sensor. Specifically we describe EPD-level science objectives, the science and measurement requirements, and the challenges that the EPD team had in meeting these requirements. Here we also describe the design and operation of the EIS instruments, their calibrated performances, and the EIS in-flight and ground operations. Blake et al. (The Flys Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) contribution to the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) investigation of the Magnetospheric Magnetoscale (MMS) Mission,
this issue
) describe the design and operation of the FEEPS instruments, their calibrated performances, and the FEEPS in-flight and ground operations. The MMS spacecraft will launch in early 2015, and over its 2-year mission will provide comprehensive measurements of magnetic reconnection at Earth’s magnetopause during the 18 months that comprise orbital phase 1, and magnetic reconnection within Earth’s magnetotail during the about 6 months that comprise orbital phase 2.
The technique of longitudinal neutron polarization analysis on a multi‐detector neutron spectrometer (so‐called `xyz'‐polarization analysis) is presented. This technique allows the simultaneous and ...unambiguous determination of the nuclear, magnetic and nuclear spin‐incoherent scattering cross sections as a function of both momentum transfer and energy transfer. The implementation of xyz‐polarization analysis on the recently upgraded D7 spectrometer at the Institut Laue–Langevin in Grenoble is described. Several examples of neutron polarization analysis studies of disordered systems on D7 are given, illustrating the valuable information which can be retrieved from the analysis of neutron diffraction patterns between the Bragg peaks.
Loss-tolerant optical qubits RALPH, T. C; HAYES, A. J. F; GILCHRIST, Alexei
Physical review letters,
09/2005, Letnik:
95, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We present a linear optics quantum computation scheme that employs a new encoding approach that incrementally adds qubits and is tolerant to photon loss errors. The scheme employs a circuit model but ...uses techniques from cluster-state computation and achieves comparable resource usage. To illustrate our techniques we describe a quantum memory which is fault tolerant to photon loss.
Background Excess mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies, in particular myeloid leukemia, and brain cancer has been found in surveys of anatomists, pathologists, and funeral industry ...workers, all of whom may have worked with formaldehyde. We investigated the relation of mortality to work practices and formaldehyde exposure levels among these professionals to address cancer risk in the funeral industry. Methods Professionals employed in the funeral industry who died between January 1, 1960, and January 1, 1986, from lymphohematopoietic malignancies (n = 168) or brain tumors (n = 48) (ie, case subjects) were compared with deceased matched control subjects (n = 265) with regard to lifetime work practices and exposures in the funeral industry, which were obtained by interviews with next of kin and coworkers, and to estimated levels of formaldehyde exposure. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by use of logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Mortality from myeloid leukemia increased statistically significantly with increasing number of years of embalming (P for trend = .020) and with increasing peak formaldehyde exposure (P for trend = .036). Compared with subjects who performed fewer than 500 lifetime embalmings, mortality from myeloid leukemia was elevated among those who performed embalmings for more than 34 years (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.2 to 12.5, P = .024), who performed more than 3068 embalmings (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.0 to 9.2, P = .057), and those whose estimated cumulative formaldehyde exposure exceeded 9253 parts per million–hours (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.0 to 9.6, P = .047). These exposures were not related to other lymphohematopoietic malignancies or to brain cancer. Conclusion Duration of embalming practice and related formaldehyde exposures in the funeral industry were associated with statistically significantly increased risk for mortality from myeloid leukemia.
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