Cyber security has become increasingly challenging due to the proliferation of the Internet of things (IoT), where a massive number of tiny, smart devices push trillion bytes of data to the Internet. ...However, these devices possess various security flaws resulting from the lack of defense mechanisms and hardware security support, therefore making them vulnerable to cyber attacks. In addition, IoT gateways provide very limited security features to detect such threats, especially the absence of intrusion detection methods powered by deep learning. Indeed, deep learning models require high computational power that exceeds the capacity of these gateways. In this paper, we introduce Realguard, an DNN-based network intrusion detection system (NIDS) directly operated on local gateways to protect IoT devices within the network. The superiority of our proposal is that it can accurately detect multiple cyber attacks in real time with a small computational footprint. This is achieved by a lightweight feature extraction mechanism and an efficient attack detection model powered by deep neural networks. Our evaluations on practical datasets indicate that Realguard could detect ten types of attacks (e.g., port scan, Botnet, and FTP-Patator) in real time with an average accuracy of 99.57%, whereas the best of our competitors is 98.85%. Furthermore, our proposal effectively operates on resource-constraint gateways (Raspberry PI) at a high packet processing rate reported about 10.600 packets per second.
Twelve steroids, including five new compounds 1–5, were isolated and structurally elucidated from a methanol extract of the Vietnamese soft coral Sinularia conferta. Their cytotoxic effects against ...three human cancer cell lines, lung carcinoma (A-549), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), and pancreatic epithelioid carcinoma (PANC-1), were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Among isolated compounds, 10 exhibited potent cytotoxic effects on all three tested cell lines with IC50 values of 3.64±0.18, 19.34±0.42, and 1.78±0.69 µM, respectively.
Identification of species of the dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis is difficult because several species have been poorly described, others misidentified in the literature, and the type species, ...O. siamensis, has not been described by contemporary taxonomic methods. In the present study, it is argued that Ostreopsis sp. 6 as described by previous authors is similar to the type species, and we offer an emended description of O. siamensis by LM, SEM, and molecular analyses of nuclear LSU and ITS rDNA based on material collected a few hundred kilometers from the type locality in the Gulf of Thailand and along the Vietnamese east coast. Ostreopsis siamensis is genetically different from the species reported as O. cf. siamensis in the literature and the latter should be described as a separate species. It is also concluded that with the poor knowledge of the morphological variability of many species of Ostreopsis, O. siamensis may not be distinguished from other similar‐sized species by its morphological features, and hence molecular data are needed for reliable identification. The species Ostreopsis lenticularis and Ostreopsis cf. ovata were also found and described.
(1) Background: The dysfunction and reduced proliferation of peripheral CD8
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have been observed in both aging and cancer patients, thereby challenging the ...adoption of immune cell therapy in these subjects. In this study, we evaluated the growth of these lymphocytes in elderly cancer patients and the correlation of peripheral blood (PB) indices to their expansion. (2) Method: This retrospective study included 15 lung cancer patients who underwent autologous NK cell and CD8
T cell therapy between January 2016 and December 2019 and 10 healthy individuals. (3) Results: On average, CD8
T lymphocytes and NK cells were able to be expanded about 500 times from the PB of elderly lung cancer subjects. Particularly, 95% of the expanded NK cells highly expressed the CD56 marker. The expansion of CD8
T cells was inversely associated with the CD4
:CD8
ratio and the frequency of PB-CD4
T cells in PB. Likewise, the expansion of NK cells was inversely correlated with the frequency of PB-lymphocytes and the number of PB-CD8
T cells. The growth of CD8
T cells and NK cells was also inversely correlated with the percentage and number of PB-NK cells. (4) Conclusion: PB indices are intrinsically tied to immune cell health and could be leveraged to determine CD8 T and NK cell proliferation capacity for immune therapies in lung cancer patients.
This study aimed to test Raman (400–1800cm−1) and Infra-red (1900–500cm−1) spectroscopies followed by statistical analysis (principal component analysis) to detect molecular changes induced by ...antibiotics (ampicillin, cefotaxime – cell wall synthesis inhibitors, tetracycline – protein synthesis inhibitor, ciprofloxacin – DNA synthesis inhibitor) against Escherichia coli TOP10. In case of ampicillin and cefotaxime, a decrease in protein bands in both Raman (1240, 1660cm−1), and IR spectra (1230, 1530, 1630cm−1), and an increase in carbohydrate bands (1150, 1020cm−1) in IR spectra were observed. Tetracycline addition caused an increase in nucleic acid bands (775, 1478, 1578cm−1), a sharp decrease in phenylalanine (995cm−1) in Raman spectra and the amide I and amide II bands (1630, 1530cm−1) in IR spectra, an increase in DNA in both Raman (1083cm−1) and IR spectra (1080cm−1). Regarding ciprofloxacin, an increase in nucleic acids (775, 1478, 1578cm−1) in Raman spectra and in protein bands (1230, 1520, 1630cm−1), in DNA (1080cm−1) in IR spectra were detected. Clear discrimination of antibiotic-treated samples compared to the control was recorded, showing that Raman and IR spectroscopies, coupled to principal component analysis for data, could be used to detect molecular modifications in bacteria exposed to different classes of antibiotics. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of antibiotics in bacteria.
Raman and IR spectra of E. coli TOP10 without (Con) and with Amp, Ctx, Tet recorded 120min and Cip recorded 90min after the antibiotic addition. Display omitted
•Raman, IR were used to detect metabolic changes during growth phases of E. coli.•Metabolic changes in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins were observed.•Molecular changes induced by Amp, Ctx, Tet and Cip were detected.•Spectral discrimination by nucleic acids, proteins, phenylalanine in Raman spectra•Spectral differentiation by carbohydrate, and protein bands in IR spectra
Viet Nam has a coastline of 3200 km with thousands of islands providing diverse habitats for benthic harmful algal species including species of Gambierdiscus. Some of these species produce ciguatera ...toxins, which may accumulate in large carnivore fish potentially posing major threats to public health. This study reports five species of Gambierdiscus from Vietnamese waters, notably G. australes, G. caribaeus, G. carpenteri, G. pacificus, and G. vietnamensis sp. nov. All species are identified morphologically by LM and SEM, and identifications are supported by molecular analyses of nuclear rDNA (D1–D3 and D8–D10 domains of LSU, SSU, and ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region) based on cultured material collected during 2010–2021. Statistical analyses of morphometric measurements may be used to differentiate some species if a sufficiently large number of cells are examined. Gambierdiscus vietnamensis sp. nov. is morphologically similar to other strongly reticulated species, such as G. belizeanus and possibly G. pacificus; the latter species is morphologically indistinguishable from G. vietnamensis sp. nov., but they are genetically distinct, and molecular analysis is deemed necessary for proper identification of the new species. This study also revealed that strains denoted G. pacificus from Hainan Island (China) should be included in G. vietnamensis sp. nov.
Over the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in research investigating the potential of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for various environmental remediations. Renowned for its ...photocatalytic activity under visible light, g-C3N4 offers a promising solution for treating water pollutants. However, traditional g–C3N4–based photocatalysts have inherent drawbacks, creating a disparity between laboratory efficacy and real-world applications. A primary practical challenge is their fine-powdered form, which hinders separation and recycling processes. A promising approach to address these challenges involves integrating magnetic or floating materials into conventional photocatalysts, a strategy gaining traction within the g–C3N4–based photocatalyst arena. Another emerging solution to enhance practical applications entails merging experimental results with contemporary computational methods. This synergy seeks to optimize the synthesis of more efficient photocatalysts and pinpoint optimal conditions for pollutant removal. While numerous review articles discuss the laboratory-based photocatalytic applications of g–C3N4–based materials, there is a conspicuous absence of comprehensive coverage regarding state-of-the-art research on improved g–C3N4–based photocatalysts for practical applications. This review fills this void, spotlighting three pivotal domains: magnetic g-C3N4 photocatalysts, floating g-C3N4 photocatalysts, and the application of machine learning to g-C3N4 photocatalysis. Accompanied by a thorough analysis, this review also provides perspectives on future directions to enhance the efficacy of g–C3N4–based photocatalysts in water purification.
•This review highlights several innovative directions for enhancing g–C3N4–based photocatalysis.•Existing g-C3N4 photocatalysts' limitations complicate practical applications for water treatment.•Integration of magnetic or floating materials enhances the advantages of g-C3N4 photocatalysts.•Machine learning techniques optimize synthesis processes for effective photocatalysis.
Two new pyrrole oligoglycosides, plancipyrrosides A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from methanol extract of the Vietnamese starfish Acanthaster planci using various chromatographic procedures. Their ...structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including one and two dimensional (1D- and 2D)-NMR and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR)-MS. The finding of 1 and 2 represents the third case of pyrrole oligoglycosides obtaining reported to date. Moreover, plancipyrroside B (2) exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 of 5.94±0.34 µM, whereas plancipyrroside A (1) shows this inhibitory activity with IC50 of 16.61±1.85 µM.
Although curcumin in the form of nanoparticles has been demonstrated as a potential anti-tumor compound, the impact of curcumin and nanocurcumin in vitro on normal cells and in vivo in animal models ...is largely unknown. This study evaluated the toxicity of curcumin-loaded micelles in vitro and in vivo on several tumor cell lines, primary stromal cells, and zebrafish embryos. Breast tumor cell line (MCF7) and stromal cells (human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells, human fibroblasts, and human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells) were used in this study. A zebrafish embryotoxicity (FET) assay was conducted following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test 236. Compared to free curcumin, curcumin PM showed higher cytotoxicity to MCF7 cells in both monolayer culture and multicellular tumor spheroids. The curcumin-loaded micelles efficiently penetrated the MCF7 spheroids and induced apoptosis. The nanocurcumin reduced the viability and disturbed the function of stromal cells by suppressing cell migration and tube formation. The micelles demonstrated toxicity to the development of zebrafish embryos. Curcumin-loaded micelles demonstrated toxicity to both tumor and normal primary stromal cells and zebrafish embryos, indicating that the use of nanocurcumin in cancer treatment should be carefully investigated and controlled.
Three new glycosides, named as saurobaccioside A (1), saurobaccioside B (2), saurobaccioside C (3), together with five known magastigmanes, canangaionoside (4), (6S,9S)-roseoside (5), ...cucumegastigmane I (6), icariside B5 (7), linarionoside A (8) were isolated from the whole plant of Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS and NMR) and by comparison of the spectral data with those reported in the literature. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were elucidated by experimental CD spectra. Compounds 1-8 were screened their cytotoxic activities towards CAL27 and MDAMB231 cancer cell lines. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity towards CAL27 and MDAMB231 cell lines with IC
50
values of 3.21 ± 0.23 and 4.75 ± 0.17 µM, respectively, which were smaller than those of positive control capecitabine (IC
50
: 8.20 ± 0.75 and 5.20 ± 0.89 µM). Other compounds (2-8) were inactive.
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