A
bstract
A class of supersymmetric grand unified theories is introduced that has a single scale below the cutoff, that of the supersymmetry breaking masses
m
˜
. For a wide range of the ...dimensionless parameters, agreement with the observed mass of the Higgs boson determines
m
˜
~ 10
9
−10
13
GeV, yielding Intermediate Scale Supersymmetry. We show that within this framework it is possible for seesaw neutrino masses, axions, and inflation to be described by the scale
m
, offering the possibility of a unified origin of disparate phenomena. Neutrino masses allowing for thermal leptogenesis can be obtained, and the axion decay constant lies naturally in the range
f
a
~ 10
9
−10
11
GeV, consistent with a recent observational suggestion of high scale inflation. A minimal SU(5) model is presented that illustrates these features. In this model, the only states at the grand unified scale are those of the heavy gauge supermultiplet. The grand unified partners of the Higgs doublets have a mass of order
m
, leading to the dominant proton decay mode
p
→
v
¯
K
+
, which may be probed in upcoming experiments. Dark matter may be winos, with mass environmentally selected to the TeV scale, and/or axions. Gauge coupling unification is found to be successful, especially if the wino is at the TeV scale.
We present a systematic cosmological study of a universe in which the visible sector is coupled, albeit very weakly, to a hidden sector comprised of its own set of particles and interactions. ...Assuming that dark matter (DM) resides in the hidden sector and is charged under a stabilizing symmetry shared by both sectors, we determine all possible origins of weak-scale DM allowed within this broad framework. We show that DM can arise only through a handful of mechanisms, lending particular focus to Freeze-Out and Decay and Freeze-In, as well as their variations involving late time re-annihilations of DM and DM particle anti-particle asymmetries. Much like standard Freeze-Out, where the abundance of DM depends only on the annihilation cross-section of the DM particle, these mechanisms depend only on a very small subset of physical parameters, many of which may be measured directly at the LHC. In particular, we show that each DM production mechanism is associated with a distinctive window in lifetimes and cross-sections for particles which may be produced in the near future. We evaluate prospects for employing the LHC to definitively reconstruct the origin of DM in a companion paper.
Recent reports of selected observational studies and a meta-analysis have stirred controversy and have become the impetus for calls to abandon recommendations for reduced sodium intake by the US ...general population. A detailed review of these studies documents substantial methodological concerns that limit the usefulness of these studies in setting, much less reversing, dietary recommendations. Indeed, the evidence base supporting recommendations for reduced sodium intake in the general population remains robust and persuasive. The American Heart Association is committed to improving the health of all Americans through implementation of national goals for health promotion and disease prevention, including its recommendation to reduce dietary sodium intake to <1500 mg/d.
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a monogenic neurodegenerative disorder representing an ideal candidate for gene silencing with oligonucleotide therapeutics (i.e., antisense oligonucleotides ASOs and ...small interfering RNAs siRNAs). Using an ultra-sensitive branched fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method, we show that ∼50% of wild-type HTT mRNA localizes to the nucleus and that its nuclear localization is observed only in neuronal cells. In mouse brain sections, we detect Htt mRNA predominantly in neurons, with a wide range of Htt foci observed per cell. We further show that siRNAs and ASOs efficiently eliminate cytoplasmic HTT mRNA and HTT protein, but only ASOs induce a partial but significant reduction of nuclear HTT mRNA. We speculate that, like other mRNAs, HTT mRNA subcellular localization might play a role in important neuronal regulatory mechanisms.
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•∼50% HTT mRNA is localized in cell nucleus•HTT mRNA nuclear localization is limited to neuronal cells•Nuclear HTT mRNA is more stable than cytoplasmic•Nuclear HTT mRNA resists silencing by therapeutic oligonucleotides
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a monogenic neurodegenerative disorder representing an ideal candidate for gene silencing with oligonucleotide therapeutics. Didiot et al. examine the subcellular localization of HTT mRNA in non-neuronal and neuronal cells and the efficiency of oligonucleotide therapeutics on HTT mRNA subcellular fractions.
Accurate measurement of blood pressure is essential to classify individuals, to ascertain blood pressure-related risk, and to guide management. The auscultatory technique with a trained observer and ...mercury sphygmomanometer continues to be the method of choice for measurement in the office, using the first and fifth phases of the Korotkoff sounds, including in pregnant women. The use of mercury is declining, and alternatives are needed. Aneroid devices are suitable, but they require frequent calibration. Hybrid devices that use electronic transducers instead of mercury have promise. The oscillometric method can be used for office measurement, but only devices independently validated according to standard protocols should be used, and individual calibration is recommended. They have the advantage of being able to take multiple measurements. Proper training of observers, positioning of the patient, and selection of cuff size are all essential. It is increasingly recognized that office measurements correlate poorly with blood pressure measured in other settings, and that they can be supplemented by self-measured readings taken with validated devices at home. There is increasing evidence that home readings predict cardiovascular events and are particularly useful for monitoring the effects of treatment. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory monitoring gives a better prediction of risk than office measurements and is useful for diagnosing white-coat hypertension. There is increasing evidence that a failure of blood pressure to fall during the night may be associated with increased risk. In obese patients and children, the use of an appropriate cuff size is of paramount importance.
Accurate measurement of blood pressure is essential to classify individuals, to ascertain blood pressure–related risk, and to guide management. The auscultatory technique with a trained observer and ...mercury sphygmomanometer continues to be the method of choice for measurement in the office, using the first and fifth phases of the Korotkoff sounds, including in pregnant women. The use of mercury is declining, and alternatives are needed. Aneroid devices are suitable, but they require frequent calibration. Hybrid devices that use electronic transducers instead of mercury have promise. The oscillometric method can be used for office measurement, but only devices independently validated according to standard protocols should be used, and individual calibration is recommended. They have the advantage of being able to take multiple measurements. Proper training of observers, positioning of the patient, and selection of cuff size are all essential. It is increasingly recognized that office measurements correlate poorly with blood pressure measured in other settings, and that they can be supplemented by self-measured readings taken with validated devices at home. There is increasing evidence that home readings predict cardiovascular events and are particularly useful for monitoring the effects of treatment. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory monitoring gives a better prediction of risk than office measurements and is useful for diagnosing white-coat hypertension. There is increasing evidence that a failure of blood pressure to fall during the night may be associated with increased risk. In obese patients and children, the use of an appropriate cuff size is of paramount importance.
A
bstract
Perturbative supersymmetric gauge coupling unification is possible in six theories where complete
SU
(5) TeV-scale multiplets of vector matter account for the size of the reported 750 GeV ...diphoton resonance, interpreted as a singlet multiplet
S
=
s
+
i
a
/
2
. One of these has a full generation of vector matter and a unified gauge coupling
α
G
∼ 1. The diphoton signal rate is enhanced by loops of vector squarks and sleptons, especially when the trilinear
A
couplings are large. If the
SH
u
H
d
coupling is absent, both
s
and
a
can contribute to the resonance, which may then have a large apparent width if the mass splitting from
s
and
a
arises from loops of vector matter. The width depends sensitively on
A
parameters and phases of the vector squark and slepton masses. Vector quarks and/or squarks are expected to be in reach of the LHC. If the
SH
u
H
d
coupling is present,
a
leads to a narrow diphoton resonance, while a second resonance with decays
s
→
hh, W
+
W
−
, ZZ
is likely to be discovered at future LHC runs. In some of the theories a non-standard origin or running of the soft parameters is required, for example involving conformal hidden sector interactions.
Two recent studies challenged traditional paradigms of mammalian sodium physiology, suggesting that sodium reduction might cause weight gain by altering metabolism. This new theory has important ...implications for population-wide dietary recommendations. However, these observations have not been confirmed. In the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)-Sodium trial, 412 adults with systolic blood pressure of 120 to 159 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 95 mm Hg not taking antihypertensive medications were randomly assigned to the DASH diet or a control diet (parallel design). On their assigned diet, participants randomly consumed each of the 3 sodium levels for 4 weeks (crossover design). Participants were provided all meals but could drink noncaloric beverages (eg, water) freely. Throughout the trial, energy intake was adjusted to maintain weight constant. The 3 sodium levels (at 2100 kcal/day) werelow (1150 mg of Na/day), medium (2300 mg of Na/day), and high (3450 mg of Na/day). Energy intake, weight, self-reported thirst, and 24-hour urine volume were assessed after each period. Participants were 57% women and 57% black; mean age was 48 years SD, 10). Among those assigned the control, mean weight increased slightly with higher sodium but not among those assigned DASH. Energy intake did not vary across sodium levels in either diet (P-trends ≥0.36). Higher sodium resulted in more thirst (P-trends <0.001 on both diets) and higher urine volume (suggesting higher fluid intake) during the control diet (P-trend=0.007). Reducing sodium did not increase energy requirements to maintain stable weights but did decrease thirst and urine volume (control diet only), findings consistent with the traditional understanding of mammalian sodium physiology.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONURLhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifierNCT00000608.
Multiverse dark matter: SUSY or axions D’Eramo, Francesco; Hall, Lawrence J.; Pappadopulo, Duccio
The journal of high energy physics,
11/2014, Letnik:
2014, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A
bstract
The observed values of the cosmological constant
and
the abundance of Dark Matter (DM) can be successfully understood, using certain measures, by imposing the anthropic requirement that ...density perturbations go non-linear and virialize to form halos. This requires a probability distribution favoring low amounts of DM, i.e. low values of the PQ scale
f
for the QCD axion and low values of the superpartner mass scale
m
˜
for LSP thermal relics. In theories with independent scanning of multiple DM components, there is a high probability for DM to be dominated by a single component. For example, with independent scanning of
f
and
m
˜
, TeV-scale LSP DM and an axion solution to the strong CP problem are unlikely to coexist. With thermal LSP DM, the scheme allows an understanding of a Little SUSY Hierarchy with multi-TeV superpartners. Alternatively, with axion DM, PQ breaking before (after) inflation leads to
f
typically below (below) the projected range of the current ADMX experiment of
f
= (3 − 30) × 10
11
GeV, providing strong motivation to develop experimental techniques for probing lower
f
.
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