Nutritional rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency is associated with a diet deficient in vitamin D, inadequate exposure to sunlight, and reduced endogenous synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. The ...Chief Medical Officer for England has recently drawn attention, in her annual report, to the continuing problem of vitamin D deficiency in children.1,2 We have analysed rates of hospital admissions for rickets in England, across five decades, in children younger than 15 years.
AbstractObjectiveTo describe a novel England-wide electronic health record (EHR) resource enabling whole population research on covid-19 and cardiovascular disease while ensuring data security and ...privacy and maintaining public trust.DesignData resource comprising linked person level records from national healthcare settings for the English population, accessible within NHS Digital’s new trusted research environment.SettingEHRs from primary care, hospital episodes, death registry, covid-19 laboratory test results, and community dispensing data, with further enrichment planned from specialist intensive care, cardiovascular, and covid-19 vaccination data.Participants54.4 million people alive on 1 January 2020 and registered with an NHS general practitioner in England.Main measures of interestConfirmed and suspected covid-19 diagnoses, exemplar cardiovascular conditions (incident stroke or transient ischaemic attack and incident myocardial infarction) and all cause mortality between 1 January and 31 October 2020.ResultsThe linked cohort includes more than 96% of the English population. By combining person level data across national healthcare settings, data on age, sex, and ethnicity are complete for around 95% of the population. Among 53.3 million people with no previous diagnosis of stroke or transient ischaemic attack, 98 721 had a first ever incident stroke or transient ischaemic attack between 1 January and 31 October 2020, of which 30% were recorded only in primary care and 4% only in death registry records. Among 53.2 million people with no previous diagnosis of myocardial infarction, 62 966 had an incident myocardial infarction during follow-up, of which 8% were recorded only in primary care and 12% only in death registry records. A total of 959 470 people had a confirmed or suspected covid-19 diagnosis (714 162 in primary care data, 126 349 in hospital admission records, 776 503 in covid-19 laboratory test data, and 50 504 in death registry records). Although 58% of these were recorded in both primary care and covid-19 laboratory test data, 15% and 18%, respectively, were recorded in only one.ConclusionsThis population-wide resource shows the importance of linking person level data across health settings to maximise completeness of key characteristics and to ascertain cardiovascular events and covid-19 diagnoses. Although this resource was initially established to support research on covid-19 and cardiovascular disease to benefit clinical care and public health and to inform healthcare policy, it can broaden further to enable a wide range of research.
Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most common of ophthalmic emergencies in the UK. Our aim was to study trends over time and regional variation in rates of RD in England.
Hospital admission rates ...for RD were analysed using the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry, Hospital Episode Statistics and the Oxford record linkage study between 1968 and 2011. Record linkage was used, when possible, to distinguish between episodes of care and individual people.
Person-based rates from the 1960s to mid-1990s (only available in the Oxford data) were broadly stable. From 1999, the annual person-based rate increased significantly, from 13.4 in 1999 (13.1 to 13.8) to 15.4 in 2011 (15.1 to 15.7). Most, if not all, of the increase was an increase in people with diabetes mellitus. RD rates, comparing local authority (LA) areas, ranged from 10.3 (9.0 to 11.6) to 22.4 per 100,000 (19.9 to 25.1) over the period 1999-2011. The rate of RD by LA showed almost no association with social deprivation (r(2)=0.01) or with the proportion of people in each LA who were Black (r=0.04), Asian (r =-0.03) or born outside the UK (r=0.02).
Admission rates seem to have increased in recent years. This increase is probably attributable to an increase in the prevalence of diabetes, and so an increase in RD associated with diabetes. Understanding trends over time, and geographical variation, in RD will help match capacity in retinal surgery with need for treatment of RD.
To study trends over time in the incidence of congenital anophthalmia, microphthalmia and orbital malformations in England, along with changes in hospital admission rates for these conditions.
Using ...English National Hospital Episode Statistics (1999-2011), the annual rate of hospital admissions related to anophthalmia, microphthalmia and congenital malformations of orbit/lacrimal apparatus was calculated per 100 000 infants. The records were person-linked, which enabled patients' 'first record' rates to be calculated as proxies for incidence. Similar analyses on pre-1999 datasets were also undertaken for microphthalmia.
There was no systematic increase or decrease over time in the incidence of these conditions, but there was some fluctuation from year to year. The incidence of congenital anophthalmia ranged from 2.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.0) per 100 000 infants in 1999 to 0.4 (0 to 1.3) in 2011. The annual incidence of congenital microphthalmia was 10.8 (8.2 to 13.5) in 1999 and 10.0 (7.6 to 12.4) in 2011. The annual incidence of congenital orbital/lacrimal malformations was 0.5 (0 to 1.1) in 1999 and 0.7 (0 to 1.4) in 2011. Including multiple admissions per person, admission rates for microphthalmia showed a linear increase over time from 1999. The earlier data for microphthalmia indicated an increase in admission rates, but no change in incidence, from 1971 to 2011.
The incidence of these conditions has remained stable in England in recent years. Although the incidence of microphthalmia was stable, hospital admission rates for it increased over time reflecting an increase in multiple admissions per affected person. These data may be useful for planning service provision.
A low-key announcement in the September 1962 edition ofAmerican Cinematographer, which noted that the camera manufacturer Arriflex was selling “a new zoom lens for Arriflex 16—the Angénieux Model ...120—which zooms from 12mm to 120mm focal length,” gave little clue of the transformation that was soon to take place in the zoom lens market.¹ Though the zoom was an increasingly well-established technique by the beginning of the 1960s, especially in television, until December 1962, the promotion and discussion of zoom technology inAmerican Cinematographerhad been relatively inconspicuous. Throughout 1963, by contrast, the magazine was full of articles
Modern television coverage of sports fixtures, political rallies, and similar live events offers viewers a remarkable level of access. At the sports ground, powerful zoom lenses positioned high in ...the stadium can swoop down in seconds to pick out individual players in extreme close-up. Digital effects systems superimpose graphics on live footage in real time, highlighting the position of a hockey puck or marking out the line of scrimmage in a football game. In the highest-profile sports coverage, camera operators wearing Steadicam rigs run the touchline while cameras suspended from cables provide a top-down view reminiscent of video gaming. For
In 1953, two new zoom lenses—both designed for 16mm film cameras—appeared on the American market. They were almost identical, but they came from radically different backgrounds. One was the Zoomar ...16, a new lens designed by the New York–based firm Zoomar Incorporated. The other, the Pan Cinor 60, arrived from France and was marketed by a subsidiary of the Swiss camera manufacturer Paillard. In the battle to capture the market for 16mm zoom lenses, Zoomar entered the decade with the upper hand. It had been first to bring film zoom lenses to the postwar market, and the
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