This paper describes a community-based intervention program designed to lower diet-related risk of cancer. The program is one of the first to attempt to make operational cancer-related dietary ...guidelines. It was designed as a feasibility study for a possible larger-scale multi-community study. The intervention was structured in three parts: mass media, grocery store environment modification including point-of-purchase labelling and a home-based education course, and was undertaken in one rural midwest community with a similar community as a comparison. Formative evaluation was undertaken to define and tune intervention strategies. Community leaders were involved in the intervention from its inception. The initial intense program ran for 3 months with a maintenance period of 12 months. The dietary intervention was focused on an eating pattern message (designed to reduce fat consumption and increase fiber intake) for which criteria for specific foods were developed. Outcome variables included knowledge, attitudes and practices related to diet and cancer. These were measured in a series of cross-sectional samples in each community. The study design allowed estimation of dose-response effects within the intervention community. Novel aspects of the evaluation design included a specific attempt to measure the effect of self-selection into an intense information-giving intervention component and two new ways of measuring community dietary change. Cost-effectiveness evaluation was included.
Empirical evidence for a gap between the computational powers of classical and quantum computers has been provided by experiments that sample the output distributions of two-dimensional quantum ...circuits. Many attempts to close this gap have utilized classical simulations based on tensor network techniques, and their limitations shed light on the improvements to quantum hardware required to frustrate classical simulability. In particular, quantum computers having in excess of \(\sim 50\) qubits are primarily vulnerable to classical simulation due to restrictions on their gate fidelity and their connectivity, the latter determining how many gates are required (and therefore how much infidelity is suffered) in generating highly-entangled states. Here, we describe recent hardware upgrades to Quantinuum's H2 quantum computer enabling it to operate on up to \(56\) qubits with arbitrary connectivity and \(99.843(5)\%\) two-qubit gate fidelity. Utilizing the flexible connectivity of H2, we present data from random circuit sampling in highly connected geometries, doing so at unprecedented fidelities and a scale that appears to be beyond the capabilities of state-of-the-art classical algorithms. The considerable difficulty of classically simulating H2 is likely limited only by qubit number, demonstrating the promise and scalability of the QCCD architecture as continued progress is made towards building larger machines.
We have explored a role for the adenovirus (Ad5) E1b58kDa/p53 protein complex in adenovirus replication. This was done by using virus mutants containing different defects in the E1b58kDa gene and ...cell lines that express either a wild-type p53 protein or a mutant p53 protein. We find that infection of wild-type p53-containing cells with wild-type Ad5 causes a shutoff of p53 and α-actin protein synthesis by distinct mechanisms, but neither occurs in mutant p53 cells. Our data also indicate that the shutoff is dependent on formation of the p53/E1b complex and may also involve another virus protein, E4ORF6. Following from these observations we asked whether failure to form the complex resulted in impaired adenovirus replication. Our experiments showed that neither wild-type Ad5 nor the E1b mutant dl338 could replicate in cells expressing a mutant p53 protein, but that wild-type adenovirus replicated well in wild-type p53-expressing cells. Collectively, our data suggest that the interaction between p53 and the E1b58kDa protein is necessary for efficient adenovirus replication. This is the first time such a direct link between the complex and virus replication has been demonstrated. These data raise serious questions about the usefulness of E1b-defective viruses in tumor therapy.
Objective To determine whether adoption of dietary patterns consistent with the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food Guide Pyramid, combined with exercise training, result in significant ...reductions in cardiovascular risk compared with a regimen of exercise therapy alone.
Design A randomized trial to compare the effects of exercise alone (n=17) with the effects of exercise and dietary intervention (n=15).
Setting McClellan Air Force Base medical clinic (Sacramento, Calif).
Subjects Thirty-two members of the Air Force (20 men and 12 women) were recruited at the time they entered a 90-day fitness improvement program. Mean age was 32 years.
Intervention All subjects participated in a 90-day fitness program. Half of the group received individualized dietary counseling using the Food Guide Pyramid as a primary educational tool.
Main outcome measures Changes in body mass index, plasma lipids and lipoprotein levels, aerobic capacity, and dietary intake were selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.
Statistical analyses performed Outcome measures were evaluated by analysis of variance. A paired
t test was performed to compare changes in food-group servings and food-group fat intake from baseline values for the exercise-plus-diet group.
Results Percentage of energy from fat decreased from 39% to 23% for the exercise-plus-diet group, and servings from each of the food groups changed to reflect current guidelines. This group also had significant reductions in body mass index, total cholesterol level, and low-density lipoprotein level: 2% (
P=.0001), 9% (
P=.003), and 13% (
P=.005), respectively. No change was observed for the exercise-only group. Additionally, a significant improvement in maximum oxygen consumption (
P=.01) of 38% (vs 14% for the control group) was achieved.
Conclusions Dietary modification in accordance with the Food Guide Pyramid and the US Dietary Guidelines results in significant reductions in known cardiovascular risk factors and improves the response to exercise training.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:1268-1273.
The second edition of _The Nonprofit Sector_ provides a novel **,** comprehensive, cross-disciplinary perspective on nonprofit organizations and their role and function in society. This new, updated ...edition keeps pace with industry trends and advances as well as with the changing interests and needs of students, practitioners, and researchers. As before, every chapter has been written to stand on its own, providing sufficient background for the reader to follow the argument without referring to other chapters—allowing readers to selectively choose those chapters that are most relevant to a particular course, interest, or issue. _The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook_ includes twenty-seven new or updated chapters. Relevant chapters from the previous edition have been refined, and new chapters have been added to fill in gaps, making this the authoritative reference for all who want an accessible, perceptive, and all- inclusive rendering of the nonprofit sector. The contributors—prominent scholars in their respective fields—carefully reflect upon the variety of changes in the rapidly growing world of nonprofits, examining a wide array of organizations, international issues, social science theories, and philanthropic traditions and covering a broad range of topics including the history and scope of nonprofit activities in the United States and abroad, the relation of nonprofits to the marketplace, government-nonprofit issues, key activities of nonprofits, aspects of giving to and joining nonprofits, and nonprofit mission and governance. For anyone who wishes to have a deeper understanding of the nonprofit sector, this remains the essential guide.
Health Promotion in the Juvenile Justice System Kelly, Patricia J; Hall, Sandra; Martinez, Elisabeth ...
The journal of multicultural nursing & health,
07/2004, Letnik:
10, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Despite the presence of a variety of behaviors that put their present and future health at risk, girls in the juvenile justice system (JJS) are often left out of traditional school and clinic health ...programs, and overlooked by researchers. Kelly et al determine if a peer-led empowerment curriculum can influence precursors of behavior change for girls in the JJS.
A set of 54 24-hour dietary recalls collected in 1975-1976 from males aged 35-57 years who were participating in a cardiovascular risk factor intervention program was submitted to three different ...nutrient calculation systems to investigate how much of a difference exists among systems in calculating nutrient intakes. The three computerized systems were of varying levels of sophistication. Among differences found, one system reported 1.4% more calories derived from polyunsaturated fat than the other two. For studies investigating the effects of dietary fat intake, this difference between systems may be important. Other significant group differences were seen for carbohydrate and alcohol. Although mean differences among the three systems were not great, dramatic differences were encountered when evaluating individual recalls. Nutrient intake data obtained from dietary recalls for individuals and for groups for whatever purpose are subject to the bias of the nutrient calculation system used. These biases should be considered when interpreting results, comparing results with other studies, and when developing treatment plans in the clinical setting. Recommendations for enhanced standardization include: 1) thorough descriptions in research reports of the particular system used; 2) exchange of standard menus between systems; 3) enhanced quality control of the coding process; 4) periodic updating of the nutrient data base to accommodate new food products and changes in composition of foods.
In utero, the developing brain is highly susceptible to the environment. For example, adverse maternal experiences during the prenatal period are associated with outcomes such as altered ...neurodevelopment and emotion dysregulation. Yet, the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether the function of a network of genes co-expressed with the serotonin transporter in the amygdala moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on the structure of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in middle childhood and/or the degree of temperamental inhibition exhibited in toddlerhood. T1-weighted structural MRI scans were acquired from children aged 6-12 years. A cumulative maternal adversity score was used to conceptualize prenatal adversity and a co-expression based polygenic risk score (ePRS) was generated. Behavioural inhibition at 18 months was assessed using the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire (ECBQ). Our results indicate that in the presence of a low functioning serotonin transporter gene network in the amygdala, higher levels of prenatal adversity are associated with greater right OFC thickness at 6-12 years old. The interaction also predicts temperamental inhibition at 18 months. Ultimately, we identified important biological processes and structural modifications that may underlie the link between early adversity and future deviations in cognitive, behavioural, and emotional development.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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