Abstract
Quantum-gas microscopes are used to study ultracold atoms in optical lattices at the single-particle level. In these systems atoms are localised on lattice sites with separations close to or ...below the diffraction limit. To determine the lattice occupation with high fidelity, a deconvolution of the images is often required. We compare three different techniques, a local iterative deconvolution algorithm, Wiener deconvolution and the Lucy–Richardson algorithm, using simulated microscope images. We investigate how the reconstruction fidelity scales with varying signal-to-noise ratio, lattice filling fraction, varying fluorescence levels per atom, and imaging resolution. The results of this study identify the limits of singe-atom detection and provide quantitative fidelities which are applicable for different atomic species and quantum-gas microscope setups.
Evidence for p-type doping of InN Jones, R E; Yu, K M; Li, S X ...
Physical review letters,
03/2006, Letnik:
96, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The first evidence of successful p-type doping of InN is presented. It is shown that InN:Mg films consist of a p-type bulk region with a thin n-type inversion layer at the surface that prevents ...electrical contact to the bulk. Capacitance-voltage measurements indicate a net concentration of ionized acceptors below the -type surface. Irradiation with 2 MeV He+ ions is used to convert the bulk of InN:Mg from p to n-type, at which point photoluminescence is recovered. The conversion is well explained by a model assuming two parallel conducting layers (the surface and the bulk) in the films.
In this phase 2 trial, children and young adults with newly diagnosed overt type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive golimumab, a human monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor
α
, or ...placebo. Golimumab resulted in better endogenous insulin production and less exogenous insulin use than placebo.
Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have particularly high rates of chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and are also more likely to receive prescription opioids for ...their pain. However, there have been no known studies published to date that have examined opioid treatment patterns among individuals with schizophrenia.
Using electronic medical record data across 13 Mental Health Research Network sites, individuals with diagnoses of MDD (N = 65,750), BD (N = 38,117) or schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N = 12,916) were identified and matched on age, sex and Medicare status to controls with no documented mental illness. CNCP diagnoses and prescription opioid medication dispensings were extracted for the matched samples. Multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate (1) the odds of receiving a pain-related diagnosis and (2) the odds of receiving opioids, by separate mental illness diagnosis category compared with matched controls, controlling for age, sex, Medicare status, race/ethnicity, income, medical comorbidities, healthcare utilization and chronic pain diagnoses.
Multivariable models indicated that having a MDD (OR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.85-1.95) or BD (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.66-1.77) diagnosis was associated with increased odds of a CNCP diagnosis after controlling for age, sex, race, income, medical comorbidities and healthcare utilization. By contrast, having a schizophrenia diagnosis was associated with decreased odds of receiving a chronic pain diagnosis (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.82-0.90). Having a MDD (OR = 2.59; 95% CI = 2.44-2.75) or BD (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.97-2.28) diagnosis was associated with increased odds of receiving chronic opioid medications, even after controlling for age, sex, race, income, medical comorbidities, healthcare utilization and chronic pain diagnosis; having a schizophrenia diagnosis was not associated with receiving chronic opioid medications.
Individuals with serious mental illness, who are most at risk for developing opioid-related problems, continue to be prescribed opioids more often than their peers without mental illness. Mental health clinicians may be particularly well-suited to lead pain assessment and management efforts for these patients. Future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of involving mental health clinicians in these efforts.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Germanium is a widely used material for electronic and optoelectronic devices and recently it has become an important material for spintronics and quantum computing applications. Donor spins in ...silicon have been shown to support very long coherence times (T_{2}) when the host material is isotopically enriched to remove any magnetic nuclei. Germanium also has nonmagnetic isotopes so it is expected to support long T_{2}'s while offering some new properties. Compared to Si, Ge has a strong spin-orbit coupling, large electron wave function, high mobility, and highly anisotropic conduction band valleys which will all give rise to new physics. In this Letter, the first pulsed electron spin resonance measurements of T_{2} and the spin-lattice relaxation (T_{1}) times for ^{75}As and ^{31}P donors in natural and isotopically enriched germanium are presented. We compare samples with various levels of isotopic enrichment and find that spectral diffusion due to ^{73}Ge nuclear spins limits the coherence in samples with significant amounts of ^{73}Ge. For the most highly enriched samples, we find that T_{1} limits T_{2} to T_{2}=2T_{1}. We report an anisotropy in T_{1} and the ensemble linewidths for magnetic fields oriented along different crystal axes but do not resolve any angular dependence to the spectral-diffusion-limited T_{2} in samples with ^{73}Ge.
The optical properties and electronic structure of molecular-beam epitaxy grown InN and In-rich group III-nitride alloy films are studied. The band gap of InN is determined to be 0.7
eV by optical ...absorption, photoluminescence, and photo-modulated reflectance. The band gap exhibits weaker temperature and pressure dependencies than those of GaN and AlN. The narrow band gap leads to a strong
k·p
interaction, resulting in a non-parabolic conduction band, which is studied by the free electron concentration dependence of the electron effective mass. Highly n-type InN exhibits a large Burstein-Moss shift in the optical absorption edge; this effect may be responsible for the 1.9
eV band gap reported previously for some degenerately doped InN films. The band gap bowing parameters of the InGaN and InAlN alloy systems are determined. The band offset of InN with other group III-nitrides is presented and its effect on p-type doping is discussed.
•We investigated brain imaging studies focusing on how gut hormones influence brain function regulating appetite in healthy and obese subjects.•Of the 349 studies published before July 2016 ...identified in the database search, 40 were included (27 on healthy and 13 on obese subjects).•Plasma level of ghrelin positively correlate with activation in the pre-frontal cortex, amygdala and insula and negatively subcortical areas.•In contrast, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 affect the same brain in the opposite direction.
The brain–gut-axis is an interdependent system affecting neural functions and controlling our eating behaviour. In recent decades, neuroimaging techniques have facilitated its investigation. We systematically looked into functional and neurochemical brain imaging studies investigating how key molecules such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine–tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, glucose and insulin influence the function of brain regions regulating appetite and satiety.
Of the 349 studies published before July 2016 identified in the database search, 40 were included (27 on healthy and 13 on obese subjects).
Our systematic review suggests that the plasma level of ghrelin, the gut hormone promoting appetite, is positively correlated with activation in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and insula and negatively correlated with activation in subcortical areas such as the hypothalamus. In contrast, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 affect the same brain regions conversely. Our study integrates previous investigations of the gut-brain matrix during food-intake and homeostatic regulation and may be of use for future meta-analyses of brain-gut interactions.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), a lipid nanoparticle containing many different low abundance proteins, is an attractive target for clinical proteomics because its compositional heterogeneity is ...linked to its cardioprotective effects. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) is currently the method of choice for targeted quantification of proteins in such a complex biological matrix. However, model system studies suggest that parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) is more specific than SRM because many product ions can be used to confirm the identity of a peptide. We therefore compared PRM and SRM for their abilities to quantify proteins in HDL, using 15N-labeled apolipoprotein A-I (HDL's most abundant protein) as the internal standard. PRM and SRM exhibited comparable linearity, dynamic range, precision, and repeatability for protein quantification of HDL. Moreover, the single internal standard protein performed as well as protein-specific peptide internal standards when quantifying 3 different proteins. Importantly, PRM and SRM yielded virtually identical quantitative results for 26 proteins in HDL isolated from 44 subjects. Because PRM requires less method development than SRM and is potentially more specific, our observations indicate that PRM in concert with a single isotope-labeled protein is a promising new strategy for quantifying HDL proteins in translational studies.
HDL, a complex matrix composed of lipids and proteins, is implicated in cardioprotection. Its cholesterol content correlates inversely with cardiovascular disease and it is the current metric to assess cardiovascular risk. However, the cholesterol content does not capture HDL's complexity and heterogeneity. Devising metrics that better capture HDL's cardioprotective effects, we developed an optimized method for quantification of HDL proteome, using PRM in concert with a single labeled protein as internal standard. The availability of a method that increases sample throughput without compromising the reproducibility, sensitivity, and accuracy could therefore point to better risk assessment for CVD or other diseases.
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•Development of an efficient approach to analyze HDL proteins in clinical samples•PRM showed to be as effective as SRM in quantifying HDL proteins.•A single protein as internal standard performed as well as protein-specific peptides.
Estimating the burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) compared to other communicable diseases is an ongoing challenge given the need for good quality data on the incidence of these ...infections and the involved comorbidities. Based on the methodology of the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe (BCoDE) project and 2011-2012 data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) point prevalence survey (PPS) of HAIs and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals, we estimated the burden of six common HAIs.
The included HAIs were healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP), healthcare-associated urinary tract infection (HA UTI), surgical site infection (SSI), healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection (HA CDI), healthcare-associated neonatal sepsis, and healthcare-associated primary bloodstream infection (HA primary BSI). The burden of these HAIs was measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Evidence relating to the disease progression pathway of each type of HAI was collected through systematic literature reviews, in order to estimate the risks attributable to HAIs. For each of the six HAIs, gender and age group prevalence from the ECDC PPS was converted into incidence rates by applying the Rhame and Sudderth formula. We adjusted for reduced life expectancy within the hospital population using three severity groups based on McCabe score data from the ECDC PPS. We estimated that 2,609,911 new cases of HAI occur every year in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The cumulative burden of the six HAIs was estimated at 501 DALYs per 100,000 general population each year in EU/EEA. HAP and HA primary BSI were associated with the highest burden and represented more than 60% of the total burden, with 169 and 145 DALYs per 100,000 total population, respectively. HA UTI, SSI, HA CDI, and HA primary BSI ranked as the third to sixth syndromes in terms of burden of disease. HAP and HA primary BSI were associated with the highest burden because of their high severity. The cumulative burden of the six HAIs was higher than the total burden of all other 32 communicable diseases included in the BCoDE 2009-2013 study. The main limitations of the study are the variability in the parameter estimates, in particular the disease models' case fatalities, and the use of the Rhame and Sudderth formula for estimating incident number of cases from prevalence data.
We estimated the EU/EEA burden of HAIs in DALYs in 2011-2012 using a transparent and evidence-based approach that allows for combining estimates of morbidity and of mortality in order to compare with other diseases and to inform a comprehensive ranking suitable for prioritization. Our results highlight the high burden of HAIs and the need for increased efforts for their prevention and control. Furthermore, our model should allow for estimations of the potential benefit of preventive measures on the burden of HAIs in the EU/EEA.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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