OBJECTIVE:--To compare the efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily injection (MDI) in older adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and to assess ...treatment satisfaction and quality of life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Adults (n = 107) >/=60 years of age (mean age 66 years) with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (mean duration 16 years, BMI 32 kg/m², and HbAsubscript 1C A1C 8.2%) were randomized to CSII (using insulin lispro) or MDI (using insulin lispro and insulin glargine) in a two-center, 12-month, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Efficacy was assessed with A1C, safety by frequency of hypoglycemia, and treatment satisfaction and quality of life with the Diabetes Quality of Life Clinical Trial Questionnaire and the 36-item short-form health survey, version 2. RESULTS:--Forty-eight CSII subjects (91%) and 50 MDI subjects (93%) completed the study. Mean A1C fell by 1.7 ± 1.0% in the CSII group to 6.6% and by 1.6 ± 1.2% in the MDI group to 6.4%. The difference in A1C between treatment groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.20). Eighty-one percent of CSII subjects and 90% of MDI subjects experienced at least one episode of minor (self-treated) hypoglycemia (P = 0.17), and three CSII and six MDI subjects experienced severe hypoglycemia (P = 0.49). Rates of severe hypoglycemia were similarly low in the two groups (CSII 0.08 and MDI 0.23 events per person-year, P = 0.61). Weight gain did not differ between groups (P = 0.70). Treatment satisfaction improved significantly with both CSII and MDI (P < 0.0001), and the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS:--In older subjects with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, both CSII and MDI achieved excellent glycemic control with good safety and patient satisfaction.
The MUon Scattering Experiment, MUSE, at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, investigates the proton charge radius puzzle, lepton universality, and two-photon exchange, via simultaneous ...measurements of elastic muon-proton and electron-proton scattering. The experiment uses the PiM1 secondary beam channel, which was designed for high precision pion scattering measurements. We review the properties of the beam line established for pions. We discuss the production processes that generate the electron and muon beams, and the simulations of these processes. Simulations of the π/μ/e beams through the channel using TURTLE and G4beamline are compared. The G4beamline simulation is then compared to several experimental measurements of the channel, including the momentum dispersion at the intermediate focal plane and target, the shape of the beam spot at the target, and timing measurements that allow the beam momenta to be determined. Finally, we conclude that the PiM1 channel can be used for high precision π, μ, and e scattering.
THE LANGUAGE CONTACT PROFILE Freed, Barbara F.; Dewey, Dan P.; Segalowitz, Norman ...
Studies in second language acquisition,
06/2004, Letnik:
26, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Efforts to gather data of various sorts—demographics,
language-learning history, contact with native speakers, use of the
language in the field—as they relate to participants in SLA
research studies ...are inherent to understanding more about language
acquisition and use. Scholars frequently develop questionnaires of
their own, which are rarely shared widely in the profession.
Consequently, much time and effort is invested in reinventing the
process of gathering the types of data that are commonly needed.This research was funded in part by a grant
to Barbara F. Freed from the Council for International Educational
Exchange (New York), in part by a grant from the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada to Norman Segalowitz, and in part
by a grant from the Dean's Office, Faculty of Arts and Science, at
Concordia University to Segalowitz.
Abstract
Objective
The objective is to formulate clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of diabetes in older adults.
Conclusions
Diabetes, particularly type 2, is becoming more prevalent in ...the general population, especially in individuals over the age of 65 years. The underlying pathophysiology of the disease in these patients is exacerbated by the direct effects of aging on metabolic regulation. Similarly, aging effects interact with diabetes to accelerate the progression of many common diabetes complications. Each section in this guideline covers all aspects of the etiology and available evidence, primarily from controlled trials, on therapeutic options and outcomes in this population. The goal is to give guidance to practicing health care providers that will benefit patients with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), paying particular attention to avoiding unnecessary and/or harmful adverse effects.
Screening, treatment, and management of diabetes mellitus and complications in older patients.
Highly active antiretroviral treatment has resulted in dramatically increased life expectancy among patients with HIV infection who are now aging while receiving treatment and are at risk of ...developing chronic diseases associated with advanced age. Similarities between aging and the courses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome suggest that HIV infection compresses the aging process, perhaps accelerating comorbidities and frailty. In a workshop organized by the Association of Specialty Professors, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the HIV Medical Association, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Institute on Allergy and Infectious Diseases, researchers in infectious diseases, geriatrics, immunology, and gerontology met to review what is known about HIV infection and aging, to identify research gaps, and to suggest high priority topics for future research. Answers to the questions posed are likely to help prioritize and balance strategies to slow the progression of HIV infection, to address comorbidities and drug toxicity, and to enhance understanding about both HIV infection and aging.
Effects of dilution on premixed methane/air combustion are investigated through experiments and numerical simulations on laminar burning velocities. Experiments are carried out at atmospheric ...pressure and 393 K; computed results are obtained using the GRI mechanism and the Premix code of the Chemkin package. Laminar burning velocities are determined for several diluents (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, vapor water, a mixture of the three previous gases representative of exhaust gases, helium, and argon) and for different dilution percentages. The equivalence ratio is kept constant equal to stoichiometric. Excellent agreements between experimental data and computed results are obtained. Because heat capacity seems to possess the predominant effect on the laminar flame, an explicit correlation between the heat capacity of the diluent and the laminar burning velocity is proposed.
The MUon Scattering Experiment, MUSE, at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, investigates the proton charge radius puzzle, lepton universality, and two-photon exchange, via simultaneous ...measurements of elastic muon-proton and electron-proton scattering. The experiment uses the PiM1 secondary beam channel, which was designed for high precision pion scattering measurements. We review the properties of the beam line established for pions. We discuss the production processes that generate the electron and muon beams, and the simulations of these processes. Simulations of the \(\pi\)/\(\mu\)/\(e\) beams through the channel using TURTLE and G4beamline are compared. The G4beamline simulation is then compared to several experimental measurements of the channel, including the momentum dispersion at the IFP and target, the shape of the beam spot at the target, and timing measurements that allow the beam momenta to be determined. We conclude that the PiM1 channel can be used for high precision \(\pi\), \(\mu\), and \(e\) scattering.
In all, 661 of 680 centers in 48 countries reported 37 818 hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) in 33 678 patients (14 165 allogeneic (42%), 19 513 autologous (58%)) in the 2012 survey. Main indications were ...leukemias, 10 641 (32%; 95% allogeneic); lymphoid neoplasias, 19 336 (57%; 11% allogeneic); solid tumors, 1630 (5%; 3% allogeneic); and nonmalignant disorders, 1953 (6%; 90% allogeneic). There were more unrelated donors than HLA-identical sibling donors (54% versus 38% (8% being mismatched related donor HSCT)). Cord blood was almost exclusive in allogeneic transplants (5% of total). Since 2011, the highest increases in allogeneic HSCT were for AML in CR1 (12%) and for myeloproliferative neoplasm (15%). For autologous HSCT the main increases were for plasma cell disorders (7%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4%) and autoimmune disease (50%). There were 4097 pediatric patients <18 years of age receiving HSCT, 2902 received an allogeneic and 1195 an autologous HSCT. Overall, 69% of allogeneic and 64% of autologous HSCT were performed in dedicated pediatric centers and the remainder in combined adult and pediatric centers. Distributions of diseases, donor types and stem cell source for all patients and pediatric patients in particular are shown. A percentage of centers fulfilling the annual required criteria for patient numbers for JACIE accreditation are provided.
Transmembrane leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors are commonly used innate immune receptors in plants and animals but can also sense endogenous signals to regulate development. BAK1 is a plant ...LRR-receptor-like kinase (RLK) that interacts with several ligand-binding LRR-RLKs to positively regulate their functions. BAK1 is involved in brassinosteroid-dependent growth and development, innate immunity, and cell-death control by interacting with the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1, immune receptors, such as FLS2 and EFR, and the small receptor kinase BIR1, respectively.
Identification of in vivo BAK1 complex partners by LC/ESI-MS/MS uncovered two novel BAK1-interacting RLKs, BIR2 and BIR3. Phosphorylation studies revealed that BIR2 is unidirectionally phosphorylated by BAK1 and that the interaction between BAK1 and BIR2 is kinase-activity dependent. Functional analyses of bir2 mutants show differential impact on BAK1-regulated processes, such as hyperresponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), enhanced cell death, and resistance to bacterial pathogens, but have no effect on brassinosteroid-regulated growth. BIR2 interacts constitutively with BAK1, thereby preventing interaction with the ligand-binding LRR-RLK FLS2. PAMP perception leads to BIR2 release from the BAK1 complex and enables the recruitment of BAK1 into the FLS2 complex.
Our results provide evidence for a new regulatory mechanism for innate immune receptors with BIR2 acting as a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity by limiting BAK1-receptor complex formation in the absence of ligands.
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•BAK1 interacts with two newly identified RLKs, BIR2 and BIR3•BIR2 is a substrate for BAK1, and their interaction is BAK1 kinase activity dependent•BIR2 is released from the BAK1 complex upon PAMP perception•BAK1-FLS2 complex formation is negatively regulated by BIR2
Halter et al. show that the LRR-receptor-like kinase BIR2 negatively regulates BAK1-dependent cell death and immunity by competitively inhibiting BAK1 interaction with ligand-binding receptors in the absence of the ligands.
An increasing number of patients older than 65 years are referred for and have access to organ transplantation, and an increasing number of older adults are donating organs. Although short‐term ...outcomes are similar in older versus younger transplant recipients, older donor or recipient age is associated with inferior long‐term outcomes. However, age is often a proxy for other factors that might predict poor outcomes more strongly and better identify patients at risk for adverse events. Approaches to transplantation in older adults vary across programs, but despite recent gains in access and the increased use of marginal organs, older patients remain less likely than other groups to receive a transplant, and those who do are highly selected. Moreover, few studies have addressed geriatric issues in transplant patient selection or management, or the implications on health span and disability when patients age to late life with a transplanted organ. This paper summarizes a recent trans‐disciplinary workshop held by ASP, in collaboration with NHLBI, NIA, NIAID, NIDDK and AGS, to address issues related to kidney, liver, lung, or heart transplantation in older adults and to propose a research agenda in these areas.
This paper summarizes the proceedings of a recent trans‐disciplinary workshop on transplantation in the elderly, presenting the current status and issues of transplantation in older adults and outlining important areas for research. See editorial by Goldstein on page 2569.
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