White spot disease (WSD), a major threat to sustainable aquaculture worldwide, is caused by White spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The diagnosis of WSD relies heavily on molecular detection of the virus ...by one-step PCR. These procedures are neither field-usable nor rapid enough considering the speed at which the virus spreads. Thus, development of a rapid, reliable and field-usable diagnostic method for the detection of WSSV infection is imperative to prevent huge economic losses.
Here, we report on the development of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) employing gold nanoparticles conjugated to a polyclonal antibody against VP28 (envelope protein of WSSV). The LFIA detected WSSV in ~20 min and showed no cross-reactivity with other shrimp viruses, viz. Monodon Baculovirus (MBV), Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (IHHNV). The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay, as determined by real-time PCR, was 103 copies of WSSV. In a time course infectivity experiment, ~104 WSSV particles were injected in Litopenaeus vannamei. The LFIA could rapidly (~ 20 min) detect the virus in different tissues after 3 h (hemolymph), 6 h (gill tissue) and 12 h (head soft tissue, eye stalk, and pleopod) of infection. Based on these findings, a validation study was performed using 75 field samples collected from different geographical locations in India. The LFIA results obtained were compared with the conventional "gold standard test", viz. one-step PCR. The analysis of results in 2x2 matrix indicated very high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96.77%) of LFIA. Similarly, Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.983 suggested "very good agreement" between the developed LFIA and the conventional one-step PCR.
The LFIA developed for the rapid detection of WSSV has an excellent potential for use in the field and could prove to be a boon to the aquaculture industry.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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Nickel oxide nanoparticles were deposited on different carbon supports including activated Vulcan XC-72R carbon black (NiO/AC), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NiO/MWCNTs), graphene ...(NiO/Gr) and graphite (NiO/Gt) through precipitation step followed by calcination at 400 °C. To determine the crystalline structure and morphology of prepared electrocatalysts, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed. The electrocatalytic activity of NiO/carbon support electrocatalysts was investigated towards urea electro-oxidation reaction in NaOH solution using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Urea oxidation peak current density was increased in the following order: NiO/AC < NiO/MWCNTs < NiO/Gr < NiO/Gt. Chronoamperometry test also showed an increased steady state oxidation current density for NiO/Gt in comparison to other electrocatalysts. The increased activity and stability of NiO/Gt electrocatalyst encourage the application of graphite as an efficient and cost-saving support to carry metal nanoparticles for urea electro-oxidation reaction.
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NiO nanoparticles were supported on graphene nanosheets (NiO/Gr) through coprecipitation step of Ni(OH)2 species, followed by calcination at different temperature values. The formed ...nanocomposites were characterized by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate their crystalline structure and morphology. The effect of varying the calcination temperature during the preparation of NiO/Gr electrocatalyst on some kinetic parameters in 0.5M NaOH solution was studied. The electrocatalytic activity of synthesized electrocatalysts was examined for urea electro-oxidation reaction in alkaline solution using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among the fabricated NiO/Gr electrocatalysts, the one that was heated at 200°C exhibited the highest urea oxidation current density value with most stable performance for long time.
Salamanders exhibit an extraordinary ability among vertebrates to regenerate complex body parts. However, scarce genomic resources have limited our understanding of regeneration in adult salamanders. ...Here, we present the ~20 Gb genome and transcriptome of the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl, a tractable species suitable for laboratory research. We find that embryonic stem cell-specific miRNAs mir-93b and mir-427/430/302, as well as Harbinger DNA transposons carrying the Myb-like proto-oncogene have expanded dramatically in the Pleurodeles waltl genome and are co-expressed during limb regeneration. Moreover, we find that a family of salamander methyltransferases is expressed specifically in adult appendages. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to perturb transcription factors, we demonstrate that, unlike the axolotl, Pax3 is present and necessary for development and that contrary to mammals, muscle regeneration is normal without functional Pax7 gene. Our data provide a foundation for comparative genomic studies that generate models for the uneven distribution of regenerative capacities among vertebrates.
Nickel oxide nanoparticles are fabricated onto graphite planes NiO/Gt by chemical precipitation of Ni(OH)2 particles with consecutive calcination at 400 °C. The formed electrocatalysts are ...characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images demonstrate the deposition of NiO nanoparticles on graphite surface through their crystallite lattice fringes with spacing values of 2.45 Å (111), 2.10 Å (200) and 1.48 Å (220). The electrocatalytic activity of NiO/Gt electrocatalyst is examined towards urea electro-oxidation in NaOH solution using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Urea oxidation peak current density is observed at NiO/Gt electrocatalyst containing 15 wt% NiO NiO/Gt−15 at a potential value of +640 mV (Ag/AgCl) with a current density value of 17.63 mA cm−2. The loading amount of NiO in the prepared electrocatalyst significantly affects its electrocatalytic performance. NiO/Gt−15 exhibits the highest urea oxidation current density with the desired stability. The lower Tafel slope, charge transfer resistance and the higher exchange current density and diffusion coefficient values of urea molecules at NiO/Gt−15 surface elect its application as a promising electrocatalyst material during urea oxidation reaction in fuel cells.
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•NiO nanoparticles were deposited on graphite planes using co-precipitation method, followed by calcination at 400 °C.•ks value at NiO/Gt−15 electrocatalyst in 0.5 M NaOH solution was estimated as 0.359 s−1.•D of urea molecules at NiO/Gt−15 electrocatalyst was calculated as 9.21 × 10−8 cm2 s−1.•Lower Tafel slope values were measured at electrocatalysts containing higher NiO wt.% values.
Ni and Pd–Ni nanoparticles were chemically deposited on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black by impregnation method using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The prepared electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray ...diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The electrocatalytic activity of Ni/C and Pd–Ni/C electrocatalysts towards methanol oxidation in 0.5 M KOH solution was examined using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Two methanol oxidation peaks were observed on the Pd–Ni/C at 0 and +860 mV. Their current density values are higher than those at Pd/C and Ni/C electrocatalysts by 1.92 and 1.68 times, respectively. The catalytic rate constant of methanol oxidation reaction at Ni/C and Pd–Ni/C electrocatalysts in (0.2 M MeOH + 0.5 M KOH) solution was estimated using double-step chronoamperometry as 5.64 × 103 and 6.25 × 103 cm3 mol−1 s−1, respectively. Pd–Ni/C is more stable than Pd/C and Ni/C electrocatalysts. Therefore, Pd–Ni/C is a suitable as a less expensive electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation in alkaline medium.
Physical and electrochemical characterizations of Ni/C and Pd–Ni/C electrocatalysts. Display omitted
•Highly dispersed Pd–Ni nanoparticles are formed with particle size of 3–4 nm.•ks of Ni/C and Pd–Ni/C is estimated as 0.1582 and 0.2098, respectively.•Two methanol oxidation peaks are observed at Pd–Ni/C at 0 and 860 mV.•Pd–Ni/C is more stable than Pd/C and Ni/C.
The adsorption of residue oil from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using chitosan powder and flake has been investigated. POME contains about 2
g/l of residue oil, which has to be treated efficiently ...before it can be discharged. Experiments were carried out as a function of different initial concentrations of residue oil, weight dosage, contact time and pH of chitosan in powder and flake form to obtain the optimum conditions for the adsorption of residue oil from POME. The powder form of chitosan exhibited a greater rate compared to the flake type. The results obtained showed that chitosan powder, at a dosage of 0.5
g/l, 15
min of contact time and a pH value of 5.0, presented the most suitable conditions for the adsorption of residue oil from POME. The adsorption process performed almost 99% of residue oil removal from POME. Equilibrium studies have been carried out to determine the capacity of chitosan for the adsorption of residue oil from POME using the optimum conditions from the flocculation at different initial concentrations of residue oil. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the experimental isotherms and isotherm constants. Equilibrium data fitted very well with the Freundlich model. The pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data and the rate constants were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the second-order kinetic model, which indicates that the chemical sorption is the rate-limiting step, i.e. chemisorption between residue oil and chitosan. The significant uptake of residue oil on chitosan was further proved by BET surface area analysis and SEM micrographs.
Nickel hydroxide nanoparticles were fabricated on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black using various reducing agents through assisted microwave polyol process. The formed electrocatalysts using sodium ...borohydride Ni(OH)2/C–NB, ethylene glycol Ni(OH)2/C–EG and a mixture of them Ni(OH)2/C–EGNB displayed an electrocatalytic activity towards urea oxidation in NaOH solution. The oxidation peak potential and current density values were greatly influenced by the employed reducing agent. Lower onset and peak potential values were measured at Ni(OH)2/C–EGNB, while Ni(OH)2/C–EG exhibited the highest oxidation current density during urea oxidation reaction. Electroactive surface area measurements revealed that the number of available active sites for the oxidation reaction was arranged in an ascending order as Ni(OH)2/C–NB < Ni(OH)2/C–EGNB < Ni(OH)2/C–EG. The diffusion coefficient of urea molecules at Ni(OH)2/C–EG and Ni(OH)2/C–EGNB was 14.69 and 5.90 times higher than that at Ni(OH)2/C–NB. Stable performance was measured at all studied electrocatalysts over prolonged operation suggesting their valuable application as efficient anode materials in direct urea oxidation fuel cells.
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•Nickel hydroxide nanoparticles were fabricated using different reducing agents.•They were examined as electrocatalysts for urea oxidation reaction.•Ni(OH)2/C−EG electrocatalyst displayed increased α and ks values.•All prepared electrocatalysts showed stable performance during the oxidation process.
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