Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised cancer treatment, with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) increasingly becoming standard of care across a growing number ...of cancer indications. While the majority of cancer immunotherapies focus on harnessing the anti-tumour CD8
cytotoxic T cell response, the potential role of CD4
'helper' T cells has largely remained in the background. In this review, we give an overview of the multifaceted role of CD4
T cells in the anti-tumour immune response, with an emphasis on recent evidence that CD4
T cells play a bigger role than previously thought. We illustrate their direct anti-tumour potency and their role in directing a sustained immune response against tumours. We further highlight the emerging observation that CD4
T cell responses against tumours tend to be against self-derived epitopes. These recent trends raise vital questions and considerations that will profoundly affect the rational design of immunotherapies to leverage on the full potential of the immune system against cancer.
The most common risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). To better understand the evolutionary forces driving HCC, we performed a ...near-saturating transposon mutagenesis screen in a mouse HBV model of HCC. This screen identified 21 candidate early stage drivers and a very large number (2,860) of candidate later stage drivers that were enriched for genes that are mutated, deregulated or functioning in signaling pathways important for human HCC, with a striking 1,199 genes being linked to cellular metabolic processes. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the genetic landscape of HCC.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Device-to-device (D2D) communication enables direct communication between proximate devices thereby improving the overall spectrum utilization and off-loading traffic from cellular networks. This ...paper develops a new spatial model for D2D networks in which the device locations are modeled as a Poisson cluster process. Using this model, we study the performance of a typical D2D receiver in terms of coverage probability under two realistic content availability setups: 1) content of interest for a typical device is available at a device chosen uniformly at random from the same cluster, which we term uniform content availability, and 2) content of interest is available at the k th closest device from the typical device inside the same cluster, which we term k-closest content availability. Using these coverage probability results, we also characterize the area spectral efficiency (ASE) of the whole network for the two setups. A key intermediate step in this analysis is the derivation of the distributions of distances from a typical device to both the intra-and inter-cluster devices. Our analysis reveals that an optimum number of D2D transmitters must be simultaneously activated per cluster in order to maximize ASE. This can be interpreted as the classical tradeoff between more aggressive frequency reuse and higher interference power. The optimum number of simultaneously transmitting devices and the resulting ASE increase as the content is made available closer to the receivers. Our analysis also quantifies the best and worst case performance of clustered D2D networks both in terms of coverage and ASE.
Developing biodegradable materials such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising strategy to reduce the reliance on non‐degradable plastics and the accumulation of those wastes. However, the ...fabrication of high‐performance biodegradable films which integrate excellent mechanical and barrier properties remains a major challenge. To address this problem, the “brick and mortar” structure, one of the most effective biomimetic models, is introduced to improve the comprehensive properties of materials. Here, a PLA‐assisted exfoliation and dispersion method to prepare the PLA coated mica nanosheets (Nano‐mica/PLA) from a natural mineral phlogopite is presented. By introducing the sheer force assembly, a kind of nacre‐inspired nanocomposite film with the “brick and mortar” structure can be fabricated. Such a nacre‐inspired nanocomposite film shows excellent mechanical properties, UV‐shielding, and gas barrier properties. The overall performance of the nacre‐inspired nanocomposite film is superior to commercial plastic films, which will allow it possible to break a path for practical applications of PLA in the field of packaging.
An advanced poly(lactic acid)‐assisted exfoliation and dispersion method has been developed to prepare the poly(lactic acid) coated mica nanosheets. By introducing the sheer force assembly, a nacre‐inspired nanocomposite film with the “brick and mortar” structure is constructed with the high strength, excellent UV‐shielding performance, and barrier properties, which has great application potential in the field of packaging materials.
An All‐Natural Wood‐Inspired Aerogel Han, Zi‐Meng; Sun, Wen‐Bin; Yang, Kun‐Peng ...
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
February 1, 2023, 2023-Feb-01, 2023-02-00, 20230201, Letnik:
62, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The oriented pore structure of wood endows it with a variety of outstanding properties, among which the low thermal conductivity has attracted researchers to develop wood‐like aerogels as excellent ...thermal insulation materials. However, the increasing demands of environmental protection have put forward new and strict requirements for the sustainability of aerogels. Here, we report an all‐natural wood‐inspired aerogel consisting of all‐natural ingredients and develop a method to activate the surface‐inert wood particles to construct the aerogel. The obtained wood‐inspired aerogel has channel structure similar to that of natural wood, endowing it with superior thermal insulation properties to most existing commercial sponges. In addition, remarkable fire retardancy and complete biodegradability are integrated. With the above outstanding performances, this sustainable wood‐inspired aerogel will be an ideal substitute for the existing commercial thermal insulation materials.
An interesting surface nanocrystallization method was developed to make the surface‐inert and weakly interacting wood particles better assemble to construct the aerogel. This bottom‐up method allows the preparation of large‐size composite aerogels. The wood‐inspired oriented channel structure endows the obtained aerogel with superior thermal insulation properties to natural wood and most existing commercial sponges.
One may discover a stone tool by chance but it takes more than luck to make a car or cell phone. With the advance of nanoscience, the synthesis of increasingly sophisticated nanostructures demands a ...rational design and a systems approach. In this Review, we advocate the distinction between thermodynamically and kinetically controlled scenarios, that is, whether a product forms because it is the most stable state or because the pathway leading to it has the lowest energy barrier. Great endeavours have been made to describe the multiple concurrent processes in typical nanosynthesis phenomena, so that the mechanistic proposals in the literature are brought into a common framework for easy contrast and comparison.
Understanding starts with distinction: Distinguishing between the thermodynamically and kinetically controlled scenarios is of critical importance when analyzing the complex phenomena in nanosynthesis, such as the growth of nanoparticles, their aggregation, and the shape evolution of polymer nanostructures. The processes are examined in detail in this Review and the mechanistic proposals are categorized in the common framework of thermodynamics and kinetics.
The widespread use of disposable plastic straws cause serious environmental problems and poses potential threats to human health, while paper straws, their most used alternatives, are not so ...satisfactory due to poor mechanical performance and unpleasant user experience. Here, a new kind of edible and microplastic‐free straw made from bacterial cellulose (BC) by biosynthesis is reported. Through the alginate coating, this BC‐based straw achieves better mechanical performance than paper straws and avoids additional adhesives. Owing to the 3D nanofiber network and strong interlayer connection, the comprehensive performance of this BC‐based straw surpasses that of commercially available counterparts, satisfying the requirements for practical use. Of particular note, the edible character provides a better user experience and a new end‐of‐life option for the straws, making the BC‐based straw a healthier and more eco‐friendly substitute for plastic straws.
A sustainable, microplastic‐free, ultrastrong, and edible straw is fabricated through biosynthesis. This bacterial cellulose‐based straw demonstrates great sustainability and excellent mechanical performance, representing an ideal substitute for plastic straws and a powerful competitor for paper straws. The 3D network of bacterial cellulose endows the straw with the ability to carry functional substances like flavor molecules, providing a better user experience.
In the current study, we aimed to study the effect of miR-146a on proliferation and migration in an in vitro diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) model by targeting A-kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12). An in ...vitro DFU model was initially established using HaCaT cells derived from human keratinocytes and induced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The effects of overexpression of miR-146a on proliferation and migration ability were analysed. The expression levels of miR-146a and AKAP12 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and AKAP12, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Wnt3a and β-catenin protein levels were measured by western blotting. The cell proliferation ability was measured by MTT, and the migration ability was analysed by a cell scratch assay. The binding between miR-146a and AKAP12 was identified using a luciferase reporter assay. The results demonstrated that AGEs significantly suppressed cell proliferation and migration, while the expression of miR-146a decreased and the expression of AKAP12 increased. A luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-146a could directly target AKAP12. Overexpression of miR-146a promoted cell proliferation and migration in an in vitro DFU model and also promoted the expression of HIF-1α, Wnt3a and β-catenin but suppressed the expression of AKAP12. Co-overexpression of miR-146a and AKAP12 reversed the effect of miR-146a on cell proliferation and migration. Our findings revealed that miR-146a directly targeted AKAP12 and promoted cell proliferation and migration in an in vitro DFU model. This study provides a new perspective for the study of miR-146a in the treatment of DFU.
Terahertz (0.06-10 THz) Band communication is envisioned as a key technology for satisfying the increasing demand for ultra-high-speed wireless links. In this paper, first, a unified multi-ray ...channel model in the THz Band is developed based on ray tracing techniques, which incorporates the propagation models for the line-of-sight, reflected, scattered, and diffracted paths. The developed theoretical model is validated with the experimental measurements (0.06-1 THz) from the literature. Then, using the developed propagation models, an in-depth analysis on the THz channel characteristics is carried out. In particular, the distance-varying and frequency-selective nature of the Terahertz channel is analyzed. Moreover, the coherence bandwidth and the significance of the delay spread are studied. Furthermore, the wideband channel capacity using flat and water-filling power allocation strategies is characterized. Additionally, the temporal broadening effects of the Terahertz channel are studied. Finally, distance-adaptive and multi-carrier transmissions are suggested to best benefit from the unique relationship between distance and bandwidth. The provided analysis lays out the foundation for reliable and efficient ultra-high-speed wireless communications in the (0.06-10) THz Band.
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