In 2013, the government of Zhejiang Province put forward a strategic project named “Five Water Cohabitation” (FWC) by integrating five water treatments: “sewage treatment,” “flood prevention,” ...“drainage system improvement,” “water supply guarantee,” and “water saving promotion.” It has been eight years since the project was proposed and launched. The primary purpose of the present study is to investigate the performance and significant effects of the project on the sustainable development of agriculture. This study investigates the project’s implementation from four aspects: environmental sustainability, resource sustainability, social sustainability, and economic sustainability. Furthermore, the difference-in-differences approach is applied to verify the treatment effect. Liaoning Province is chosen as the control group because it is also the traditionally agricultural province, and it has not implemented any large-scale water management projects. This study selects six sustainable variables, i.e., per capita GDP, urban-rural disparity, total water resources, domestic waste clearance, urbanization level, and health security level. The results show that the FWC project positively affects the sustainable development of agriculture for Zhejiang Province in economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, and social sustainability.
Six kinds of phosphate and phosphonate ionic liquids were used as lubricants for three different alloys. The physicochemical properties and solid-liquid interaction were studied and associated with ...tribological performances, and some rules were revealed. Specifically, the lubricating properties were dominated by the cations and the ammonium and phosphonium ionic liquids showed better lubricating properties than the imidazolium ionic liquids containing the same anions when lubricate steel/Al alloy. For steel/Cu alloy, an empirical rule is obtained that the lower viscosity and poorer wetting properties the ionic liquids exhibit led to the lower friction coefficient, but the wear volume was mainly determined by the corrosion property. For steel/Mg alloy, the tribological performances are significantly influenced by the structures of the ionic liquids.
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•Influences of the ionic liquids structure on the physicochemical properties were studied.•Solid-liquid interaction between the ionic liquid and the alloy surface was evaluated by the spreading coefficient.•The tribological performances were associated with the physicochemical properties and the solid-liquid interactions.•The impact of the ionic liquids structure on the lubricating properties varied among different friction pairs.
Taking 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1,4-ND), 2,3-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (2,3-ND) and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (N
4444
OH), tetrabutyl phosphonium hydroxide (P
4444
OH) as raw ...materials, water-based lubricant additives tetrabutyl ammonium 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate (1,4-NDN
4444
), tetrabutyl phosphonium 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate (1,4-NDP
4444
), tetrabutyl ammonium 2,3-naphthalene dicarboxylate (2,3-NDN
4444
), and tetrabutyl phosphonium 2,3-naphthalene dicarboxylate (2,3-NDP
4444
) were prepared in aqueous solution. The additives are not only simple to prepare, but also have good solubility in water. More importantly, they can significantly improve the friction reducing and anti-wear performances of water. On account of the mechanism analysis, it is estimated that the introduction of aromatic ring and more carboxyl groups to the additives play an important role for them to form stable lubrication protective films during the friction process and then to achieve excellent lubrication performance on steel/steel, copper/steel, and aluminum/steel friction pairs. Remarkably, the performances of 2,3-NDN
4444
and 2,3-NDP
4444
are superior to those of 1,4-NDN
4444
and 1,4-NDP
4444
, which is ascribed to their stronger adsorption on the metal surfaces contributed by the two adsorption targets (two –COO
−
groups). For 1,4-NDN
4444
and 1,4-NDP
4444
, there is only one –COO
−
group that can be simultaneously adsorbed on the metal surfaces from the perspective of space configuration. It weakens the adsorption and decreases the effectiveness of the lubrication protective films resulting in the reduced friction reducing and anti-wear properties of 1,4-NDN
4444
and 1,4-NDP
4444
.
Graphical Abstract
Water-based lubricant additives tetrabutyl ammonium 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate (1,4-NDN
4444
), tetrabutyl phosphonium 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate (1,4-NDP
4444
), tetrabutyl ammonium 2,3-naphthalene dicarboxylate (2,3-NDN
4444
) and tetrabutyl phosphonium 2,3-naphthalene dicarboxylate (2,3-NDP
4444
) were prepared in aqueous solution. The additives are not only simple to prepare, but also have good solubility in water. More importantly, they can significantly improve the friction reducing and anti-wear performances of water. Evolution of the friction coefficients (a) and wear volume losses (b) for different samples on steel/steel friction pairs.
In this paper, four ionic liquids based on chromotropate (CAILs) were prepared and applied to heighten the tribological performance of aqueous system on different metal friction contacts. Taking for ...the potential choice for water-based lubricating additive, CAILs exhibited excellent water solubility and corrosion resistance. Tribological results showed that the CAILs, especially the phenolic hydroxyl group decorated samples (TsnN
4444
and TsnP
4444
), demonstrating extremely effective lubricating properties with the efficient friction and wear descent (69% and 83% for Fe, 47% and 94% for Cu, 74% and 69% for Al, respectively). Especially, the excellent load-carrying capacity was also presented with the highest
P
B
(833 N) and
P
D
(1568 N) values for TsnP
4444
. It is speculated that the CAIL molecular adsorption on the interface and further generation of tribochemical films are beneficial for their lubricating effects, resulting from the systematic discussion and analysis of CA, QCM, SEM, XPS, and FIB-TEM tests. However, TsN
4444
and TsP
4444
showed less effective lubricating performances and poor load-carrying capacities due to tribocorrosion of hydroxyl groups at the interface.
Graphical Abstract
Three kinds of phosphonate ionic liquids (PILs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium O-butyl phosphonate (BMIM-BP), 1-butylpyridinium O-butyl phosphonate (BPy-BP) and N, N-dibutylammonium O-butyl phosphonate ...(TBA-BP) were synthesized and evaluated as lubricants for steel/aluminum contact. Results show PILs perform much better lubricating properties than conventional ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and liquid paraffin, although the wear volume of BMIM-BP is larger than that of liquid paraffin. The results of corrosion tests of the PILs demonstrate that the lubricating properties of PILs are relevant with their electrochemical properties. Moreover, the tribological mechanism was discussed by surface characterizations and contrastive experiment. It is concluded that the tribological performances of the PILs are related to the formation of the ordered adsorption films, tribochemical reactions and their corrosion properties.
•Three kinds of phosphonate ionic liquids were synthesized and used as lubricants for steel/aluminum contact.•The tribological properties and mechanism were investigated.•The phosphonate ionic liquids perform excellent lubricating properties.•The tribological properties of the ILs are relevant with their corrosion properties.•The polarity of ionic liquids is important for the formation of the lubricating films.
The diagnosis of hidden hearing loss (HHL) in calm state has not yet been determined, while the nutritional status is not involved in its pathogenic risk factors. In utero iron deficiency (ID) may ...delay auditory neural maturation in infants. We evaluated the association between ID and HHL as well as the modification effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on this association in newborns.
We included 859 mother-newborns from the baseline of this observational northeast cohort. Data on exposure assessment included iron status maternal hemoglobin (Hb) and neonatal heel prick serum ferritin (SF) and SES (occupation, education and income). Auditory neural maturation was reflected by auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing and electrocochleography (ECochG).
Iron status and SES were independently and jointly associated with the prediction of neonatal HHL by logistic and linear regression model. The mediation effects were performed by Process. ID increased absolute latency wave V, interpeak latency (IPL) III-V, and summting potentials (SP) /action potentials (AP), which were combined as HHL. Low SES showed the highest risk of HHL and the highest levels of related parameters in ID newborns. Moreover, after Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) were positive, preschool children who experience ID in neonatal period were more likely to suffer from otitis media with effusion (OME). High SES also showed similar risk effects.
Both low and high SES may strengthen the risk of ID on neonatal HHL in Northeast China.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The lubrication of Ti-6Al-4V tribopairs with various tetraalkyl phosphonium perfluorosulfonate ionic liquids (TPP ILs, C6F13SO3P4444, C8F17SO3P4444 and C8F17SO3P8888) was systematically investigated ...and compared with conventional ILs lubricants based on BF4− or PF6− and TFSI− anions. The results show that the TPP ILs have superior lubricating properties to existing IL lubricants on Ti-6Al-4V. Analysis of the lubrication mechanism showed that both physicochemically adsorbed films and tribochemical reaction films were produced on Ti alloy tribopair surfaces during sliding when lubricated with the TPP ILs. The formation of physicochemically adsorbed films between the TPP ILs and the friction surfaces were mainly responsible for the superior tribological properties compared to the reference samples. By comparing the tribological properties of TPP ILs with those of the tetrabutyl ammonium perfluorosulfonate IL C8F17SO3N4444 and tetrabutyl phosphonium carboxylate IL C8F15O2P4444, the chemical structures of the perfluorosulfonate ILs was found to have significant influence on the lubricating ability. The introduction of the sulfonate group and P-containing functional group effectively improved the lubricating properties of the TPP ILs to lubricate Ti alloy tribopairs. This work provides insight into the behavior of IL lubricants on Ti alloy surfaces, and will inspire further studies into use of liquid lubricants for titanium alloys.
•Sulfonate ionic liquids have remarkable tribological property on titanium alloy.•Physicochemically adsorbed film formation is the main reason for the property.•Sulfonate and P-containing groups introducing can effectively improve the property.
Supply chain viability (SCV) is associated with systematic and dynamic approaches to responding to COVID-19 disruptions. The supply chain has been disturbed due to the recurrent nature of the ...pandemic. In the post-pandemic era, large and small- and medium-sized manufacturers have both advantages and disadvantages, complementing each other. This study proposes an agent-based model to simulate the viable situation of heterogeneous supply systems by considering three behavioural rules (i.e. cooperation establishment, win-win cooperation, and cooperation priority). The results demonstrate that the viability will be improved if large manufacturers cooperate closely with small- and medium-sized manufacturers. The viability is also associated with two adjustment parameters of production capacity, indicating that large manufacturers need to become more scalable, flexible, and adaptable to survive a rapidly changing environment. In addition, when the cooperation is more widely-connected, the viability will be higher. When facing severe fluctuations, large and small- and medium-sized manufacturers can cooperate, acting as a 'sponge system' to flatten the fluctuations. Finally, the simulation results of an empirical network also support this conclusion. Therefore, we suggest that a viable supply chain design should consider integrating supply resources to improve the overall viability of the supply system.
Supply chain viability concerns the entire supply system rather than one company or one single chain to survive COVID-19 disruptions. Mobility restriction and overall demand decline lead to ...systematically cascading disruptions that are more severe and longer lasting than those caused by natural disasters and political conflicts. In the present study, the authors find that large companies and manufacturers with traditional advantages suffer greater losses than small ones, which is conceptualized as the “
Hub Paradox
” by empirically investigating one Warp Knitting Industrial Zone of China. An underload cascading failure model is employed to simulate supply chain viability under disruptions. Numerical simulations demonstrate that when the load decreases beyond a threshold, the viability will drop down critically. Besides, supply chain viability depends on two aspects: the adaptive capability of the manufacturers themselves and the adaptive capability of the connections of the supply network. The comparison study demonstrates that enhancing cooperative relations between hub and non-hub manufacturers will facilitate the entire supply network viability. The present study sheds light on viable supply chain management. Compared with conventionally linear or resilient supply chains, intertwined supply networks can leverage viability with higher adaptation of redistributing production capacities among manufacturers to re-establish overall scale advantages. Finally, the present study also suggests solving the “
Hub Paradox
” from the perspective of complex adaptive system.
Tribofilm configuration under the boundary lubrication region is an essential concern to gain insight into the tribological enhancement of the two-dimensional (2D) nano materials toward base oils. In ...this work, several alkyl carboxylic acids modified 2D triazine-based covalent organic frameworks (ATC) nano platelets were fabricated and served as lubrication additives. When carbon atoms add up to 16, the best lubricating performance is exhibited at an additive concentration of 0.05 wt % and the friction coefficient and wear volume are, respectively, reduced by 56.0% and 89.6% as compared to those of pure PAO 10 base oil. The analysis of the focused ion beam-transmission electron microscope (FIB-TEM) on the worn surface reveals that an alternately multilayer tribofilm consisting of 2D platelet additives and oxides and/or metallic soap salts is formed on the frictional interface of steel substrate, with a well-ordered arrangement along the sliding direction, which dominates the contributions of the excellent lubrication.
