A novel peer-to-peer (P2P) market design is proposed in this work for the distribution grid level. Envisioning that the grid constraints violations are the major challenge for P2P energy sharing, we ...propose these to be handled through the ancillary service (AS) market. By calculating the decomposable distribution locational marginal prices (DLMPs), the essential price signals of procuring ASs can be recovered to determine the grid usage prices (GUPs) to each P2P transaction. Hence, the GUPs, due to their decomposable properties, act as incentive signals for the P2P market to support the grid operation in terms of loss reduction, voltage support and congestion management. The proposed market design comprises i) an interactive market design of P2P trade & AS and, ii) a fully distributed peer-centric market-clearing model for P2P energy trade. The duality analysis provides the composition of market equilibrium prices of P2P trading and their interpretations. The case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed P2P trade to support grid operational objectives.
Flexible demand side energy and reserve procurement have the potential to improve the overall operation of the grid. However, as argued in previous studies, this flexibility might cause congestion in ...distribution grids. In this paper, we improve the conventional distribution locational marginal price (DLMP) method, while integrating congestion free energy and reserve provision from buildings in distribution grids. First, robust day-ahead (DA) DLMPs are calculated to account for unmodeled dynamics of flexible loads. Second, using dual decomposition, the data sharing requirements between the aggregator and the distribution system operator are minimized. Third, a sensitivity-based real-time adjustment method is presented to remove the conservatism of DA robust DLMPs. Case studies are performed on a benchmark distribution system. The numerical results show that the proposed technique efficiently handles load uncertainties and data sharing requirements, improving the practicality of the conventional DMLP method.
•Temporal characterization of marine energy resources, at varying time scales.•Characterized wave, tidal, and ocean currents, and compared to wind and solar.•Data based exposition of grid benefits ...for wave power at high renewable scenarios.•Data based exposition of higher capacity adequacy and stability for wave power.•Detailed discussion on market implications of grid integration of marine energy.
In this paper, the applicability of marine renewable energy (MRE) for potential grid applications is presented. We show that many of the unique value streams from marine-based electricity generation resources stem from their inherent temporal characteristics, especially when compared to wind and solar. Specifically, in this work, we evaluate the timing value for three types of MRE resources: (a) tidal, (b) wave, and (c) ocean currents. First, through a suite of novel metrics, such as resource availability, persistence, and versatility, we evaluate the temporal value characteristics of these resources. Second, through a more grid-oriented numerical study, we comment on the potential ramifications of those temporal characteristics in context of energy balancing and effective load carrying capability for one marine-based resource i.e., wave. Finally, we further our understanding of the relative advantages that may be leveraged by operating wave-based generation in tandem with more established renewable resources, such as wind and solar. Our results indicate that compared to wind and solar, MRE resources are consistently more available and persistent on an hourly level throughout an entire year of operation. In addition, wave resources are also seen to reduce the balancing requirements within the power system. Our work focuses on sites specific to the United States (US) and a parallel study for a location in Great Britain (GB). Results are found to be consistent for sites in both the US and GB, implying that the grid benefits discussed in this work could apply to a number of locations globally.
Antibiotics remain the frontline agents for treating deadly bacterial pathogens. However, the indiscriminate use of these valuable agents has led to an alarming rise in AMR. The antibiotic pipeline ...is insufficient to tackle the AMR threat, especially with respect to the WHO critical category of priority Gram-negative pathogens, which have become a serious problem as nosocomial and community infections and pose a threat globally. The AMR pandemic requires solutions that provide novel antibacterial agents that are not only effective but against which bacteria are less likely to gain resistance. In this regard, natural or engineered phage-encoded lysins (enzybiotics) armed with numerous features represent an attractive alternative to the currently available antibiotics. Several lysins have exhibited promising efficacy and safety against Gram-positive pathogens, with some in late stages of clinical development and some commercially available. However, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane acts as a formidable barrier; hence, lysins are often used in combination with OMPs or engineered to overcome the outer membrane barrier. In this review, we have briefly explained AMR and the initiatives taken by different organizations globally to tackle the AMR threat at different levels. We bring forth the promising potential and challenges of lysins, focusing on the WHO critical category of priority Gram-negative bacteria and lysins under investigation for these pathogens, along with the challenges associated with developing them as therapeutics within the existing regulatory framework.
Approved vaccines prevent 2 to 3 million deaths per year. There is a lack of equitable access to vaccines in the low- and middle-income developing nations. Challenges in the life cycle of vaccine ...production include process development, lead time, intellectual property, and local vaccine production. A robust and stable manufacturing process and constant raw material supplies over decades is critical. In a continuously evolving vaccine landscape, the need of the hour for developing nations is to manufacture their own vaccines besides having supply security, control over production scheduling and sustainability, control of costs, socio-economic development, and rapid response to local epidemics. There is a need for capacity building of workforce development, technology transfer, and financial support. Technology transfer has improved vaccine access and reduced prices of vaccines. Capacity building for the manufacturing of vaccines in developing countries has always been an area of paramount importance and more so in a pandemic situation.
Plant polyphenols are important components of human diet and a number of them are considered to possess chemopreventive and therapeutic properties against cancer. They are recognized as naturally ...occurring antioxidants but also act as prooxidants catalyzing DNA degradation in the presence of transition metal ions such as copper. Using human peripheral lymphocytes and Comet assay we have previously confirmed that resveratrol–Cu(II) is indeed capable of causing DNA degradation in cells. In this paper we show that the polyphenols alone (in the absence of added copper) are also capable of causing DNA breakage in cells. Incubation of lymphocytes with neocuproine inhibited the DNA degradation confirming that Cu(I) is an intermediate in the DNA cleavage reaction. Further, we have also shown that polyphenols generate oxidative stress in lymphocytes which is inhibited by scavengers of reactive oxygen species and neocuproine. These results are in further support of our hypothesis that anticancer mechanism of plant polyphenols involves mobilization of endogenous copper, possibly chromatin bound copper, and the consequent prooxidant action.
A large number of schemes have been proposed to deal with location privacy preservation in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). One of the most popular ways to preserve location privacy is pseudonym ...changing, which includes mix-zone, silent zone, mix-context zone and trigger-based schemes. These schemes rely on changing pseudonyms after specific intervals to preserve location privacy of vehicles. Since pseudonym changing schemes are efficient in areas where traffic is dense, most of the pseudonym changing schemes require vehicles to be a part of dense traffic in order to change a pseudonym. Although pseudonym changing schemes are efficient in terms of location privacy preservation, a huge drawback is that these schemes are best suitable in dense traffic areas. Another drawback is that these schemes do not prevent from colluding attacks. In this paper, we propose a scheme, called LPSA (Location Privacy in Sparse Areas) to overcome this limitation. We modify the pseudonym changing scheme so as to preserve location privacy irrespective of the traffic density. This makes LPSA suitable for both dense and sparse traffic areas. For location privacy preservation in dense areas, we utilize pseudonym changing in mix-context zones. To preserve location privacy in sparse areas, we modify pseudonym changing scheme. We use differential privacy to preserve privacy of the data shared by the vehicles. Noise is added in raw beacon message attributes using Local Differential Privacy (LDP) to get perturbed messages. Multiple perturbed messages are transmitted to confuse an adversary in sparse traffic areas. LPSA also provides protection against colluding attacks. Our results show that LPSA provides better traceability, average anonymity set size, pseudonym change per trace and average confusion in both sparse and dense traffic areas as compared to the recent literature.
Despite extensive research in the past five years and several successfully completed and on-going pilot projects, regulators are still reluctant to implement peer-to-peer trading at a large scale in ...today's electricity market. The reason could partly be attributed to the perceived disadvantage of current market participants such as retailers due to their exclusion from market participation—a fundamental property of decentralized peer-to-peer trading. As a consequence, recently, there has been growing pressure from energy service providers in favor of retailers' participation in peer-to-peer trading. However, the role of retailers in the peer-to-peer market is yet to be established, as no existing study has challenged this fundamental circumspection of decentralized trading. In this context, this perspective takes the first step to discuss the feasibility of retailers' involvement in the peer-to-peer market. In doing so, we identify key characteristics of retail-based and peer-to-peer electricity markets and discuss our viewpoint on how to incorporate a single retailer in a peer-to-peer market without compromising the fundamental decision-making characteristics of both markets. Finally, we give an example of a hypothetical business model to demonstrate how a retailer can be a part of a peer-to-peer market with a promise of collective benefits for the participants.
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Energy resources; Energy policy; Energy systems; Energy management; Energy flexibility
The electric power system is currently undergoing a major transition due to growing numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) and increased distribution automation. If optimally managed and ...operated, DERs could provide flexibility and highly valuable grid services such as restoration, peak shaving, voltage regulation, and frequency support to maintain grid reliability. Different applications and enterprises, such as distributed energy resources management systems (DERMS), are being developed for coordinated and optimal operation of DERs. However, to attract sufficient DER participation and achieve the coordinated operation of DERs, systems and components must be interoperable and information exchange must be secure. Along this line, the Portland State University power engineering group is developing Energy Grid of Things (EGoT) DERMS prototype. The proposed application requires the coordinated dispatch of large numbers of DERs, and testing such a system presents a challenge; it is not practical to test system prototypes using thousands of real DERs. Hence, the Modeling Environment (ME) is designed as a co-simulation tool to model interactions between a DERMS and a mass of simulated DERs. The ME is expected to address the scalability issue inherent to hardware-in-the-loop DERMS simulation; many assets are needed to observe effects on the grid from deployment and dispatch of DERs. To enable the development and testing of such advanced applications for power distribution system planning and operations, the U.S Department of Energy developed GridAPPS-D™, an open-source, standards-based platform at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. This paper introduces the proposed ME for testing a DERMS application. The architecture of the ME is presented, and the GridAPPS-D features for such a simulation environment are discussed. Additionally, the procedure for developing the ME within the GridAPPS-D platform and use of different application programming interfaces for efficient and timely integration are discussed in detail.
After a century of relative stability in the electricity industry, extensive deployment of distributed energy resources and recent advances in computation and communication technologies have changed ...the nature of how we consume, trade, and apply energy. The power system is facing a transition from its traditional hierarchical structure to a more decentralized model by introducing new energy distribution models such as peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing for connected communities. The proven effectiveness of P2P sharing in benefiting both prosumers and the grid has been demonstrated in many studies and pilot projects. However, there is still no extensive implementation of such sharing models in today’s electricity markets. This paper aims to shed some light on this gap through a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the P2P energy system and an insightful discussion of the challenges that need to be addressed in order to establish P2P sharing as a viable energy management option in today’s electricity market. To this end, in this article, we provide some background on different aspects of P2P sharing. Then, we discuss advances in P2P sharing through a systematic domain-based classification. We also review different pilot projects on P2P sharing across the globe. Finally, we identify and discuss a number of challenges that need to be addressed for scaling up P2P sharing in electricity markets followed by concluding remarks at the end of the paper.
•A comprehensive review of existing research in the peer-to-peer energy system is provided.•A domain-based classification is proposed for existing studies.•An overview of existing pilot projects on peer-to-peer trading is presented.•Key challenges that are yet to be addressed are identified.
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