We investigated rank-order continuity and mean-level change in adolescents’ self-esteem, academic self-concept, and social self-concept and tested whether interindividual differences in ...intraindividual change could be explained by four dimensions of classroom climate (i.e., teachers’ focus on students, learning community, pressure related to social or achievement issues, and rivalry and disruptions in class). The effects of classroom climate dimensions were investigated at the individual and classroom levels. The study comprised 2722 students from 98 classes who participated in four waves from grades 5 to 8. Rank-order continuities of self-esteem, academic self-concept, and social self-concept were substantial. Multilevel regressions revealed a significant nonlinear mean-level change in all constructs under investigation, indicating an initial decrease that became smaller over time. In self-esteem and social self-concept, the trend shifted from an initial decrease to an increase. Multilevel regressions revealed significant interindividual differences in the changes over time in all constructs. Change in academic self-concept was significantly predicted by all classroom climate dimensions on the individual level. Change in self-esteem was predicted by teachers’ focus on students and pressure related to social or achievement issues on the individual level. Change in social self-concept was not predicted by any classroom climate dimension.
The present study investigated a state-trait model of
self-esteem. Analyses focused on determining if the trait of the observables
measuring state self-esteem is equivalent to the trait of the ...observables
measuring trait self-esteem. N = 439 college students completed
the Multidimensional Scale of Self-Esteem (MSES) on two measurement occasions
spaced 10 weeks apart. Structural equation models were used to test latent
state-trait measurement models and the relation between the state and trait
components of self-esteem. The results suggest that (1) except for physical
self-esteem, the multi-state-single-trait models are suitable for all
self-esteem dimensions investigated. This holds for the state test halves as
well as for the trait test halves. (2) Concerning the association between the
components of trait and state self-esteem, results were supportive of a model,
including two latent trait variables, assumed to explain the latent state
variables for the respective state form and trait form for the dimensions of
general self-esteem. These latent trait factors correlate substantively with .94
≤ r ≤ .99.
•Moment-to-moment experiences in self-esteem are stable and highly predictable.•Occasion-specific influences impact comparatively small on momentary self-esteem.•The flow of self-esteem ensures ...consistently variable experiences of state self-esteem.•Experience sampling is a suitable method to track short-term changes of self-esteem.
The present study investigates stability and variability as distinct features of state self-esteem change. The amount of variance attributable to stable individual differences, the association between successive self-esteem experiences, and situational and/or person × situation interaction effects were estimated in repeated measures of self-esteem whilst considering measurement invariance. N = 160 adolescents reported momentary self-esteem in an experience sampling study, (i.e., three assessments a day, over a 2-day period). Latent state-trait analysis indicate that change in state self-esteem is a stable process largely determined by interindividual differences in trait self-esteem, while the impact of occasion-specific influences is small. These intrinsic dynamics ensure consistent self-referential experiences. Results reveal experience sampling as a suitable method to track short-term changes of self-esteem.
Prior research has repeatedly documented how people who are implicitly motivated by power motives may hurt other people’s interests. However, people may also enact the implicit power motive (
n
...Power) in a prosocial manner. Using an Operant Motive Test, the authors differentiated five enactment strategies within
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Power and investigated personality antecedents and personal benefits of a prosocial enactment strategy. Two studies found that demand-related action orientation (i.e., ability to self-regulate positive affect) was associated with prosocial enactment of
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Power. Furthermore, prosocial enactment of
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Power was associated with a higher explicit power motive among future teachers (Study 1) and future psychologists (Study 2). Finally, there was an indirect effect of action orientation through the prosocial enactment of
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Power on the explicit power motive (Studies 1 and 2) and, in turn, on well-being (Study 2). Our integration of motivation and self-regulation research (the “what” and “how” of goal striving) helps to better understand the dual nature of power motives.
The present study examined the associations of implicit and explicit power motives with the well-being of teachers. Teachers (
N
= 170) participated in an online assessment, which included measures ...for implicit motives (assessed by the operant motive test), explicit motives, and well-being. We expected congruently high power motives to be linked with the highest levels of well-being. We tested this assumption using polynomial regressions with response surface analysis. Results were consistent with our hypothesis. Additionally, there was an effect of directional motive incongruence (a combination of a low implicit and a high explicit power motive was associated with higher well-being than a high implicit/low explicit combination), which did not hold when controlling for emotional stability. Results for achievement were comparable, but weaker, and there was no effect for motive incongruence. No significant associations were found for motive (in)congruence in the affiliation domain. Our findings underline the importance of the power motive in understanding individual differences in teachers’ well-being.
Eating disorders are a major health concern and the identification of relevant risk
factors is crucial for prevention. This meta-analysis aims to give insight into the relevance of low
self-esteem in ...the development of pathological eating. Longitudinal and partial correlations were synthesized
in a random-effects multilevel model. In total, 25 effect sizes were obtained from 13 primary studies. These
mainly included females from late childhood to young adulthood. The results reveal a practically relevant
effect of self-esteem on eating disorders (r = −.23,
ρ = −.09). This effect was significantly larger for females and for shorter time
periods between measurements. Additionally, self-esteem and eating disorders are both temporally stable. It is
concluded that low self-esteem acts as a universal risk factor for different eating disorders. Limitations are
due to the reliance on bivariate correlations and a small number of effect sizes. The necessity of more
high-quality research in this field is discussed.
This study empirically tests symptom changes in a sample of 106 psychotherapy outpatients during a 6-month waiting period before treatment commencement. Using indirect measurement of change, the ...patients improve in psychopathological symptoms. Using direct measurement of change, 48% of the outpatients show no significant change in psychopathological symptoms. However, the symptoms of 29% improve and 23% worsen. Using multinomial logistic regression, group membership (no change, positive change, negative change) can be predicted by personality traits for 60% of the patients. Social trust negatively predicts changes for the worse. Liberal gender-role orientation positively predicts improvement. A positive self-concept of ability positively predicts changes for the worse. Moreover sociodemographic variables correctly predict group membership for 57% of the patients. Age positively predicts changes for the worse. Female gender negatively predicts improvement.
Deferred revascularisation based upon fractional flow reserve (FFR >0.80) is associated with a low incidence of target lesion failure (TLF). Whether deferred revascularisation is also as safe in ...diabetes mellitus (DM) patients is unknown.
All DM patients and the next consecutive Non-DM patients who underwent a FFR-assessment between 1/01/2010 and 31/12/2013 were included, and followed until 1/07/2015. Patients with lesions FFR >0.80 were analysed according to the presence vs. absence of DM, while patients who underwent index revascularisation in FFR-assessed or other lesions were excluded. The primary endpoint was the incidence of TLF; a composite of target lesion revascularisation (TLR) and target vessel myocardial infarction (TVMI).
A total of 250 patients (122 DM, 128 non-DM) who underwent deferred revascularisation of all lesions (FFR >0.80) were compared. At a mean follow up of 39.8 ± 16.3 months, DM patients compared to non-DM had a higher TLF rate, 18.1 vs 7.5 %, logrank p ≤ 0.01, Cox regression-adjusted HR 3.65 (95 % CI 1.40-9.53, p < 0.01), which was largely driven by a higher incidence of TLR (17.2 vs. 7.5 %, HR 3.52, 95 % CI 1.34-9.30, p = 0.01), whilst a non-significant but numerically higher incidence of TVMI (6.1 vs. 2.0 %, HR 3.34, 95 % CI 0.64-17.30, p = 0.15) was observed.
This study, the largest to directly compare the clinical outcomes of FFR-guided deferred revascularisation in patients with and without DM, shows that DM patients are associated with a significantly higher TLF rate. Whether intravascular imaging, additional invasive haemodynamics or stringent risk factor modification may impact on this higher TLF rate remains unknown.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Light use efficiency (LUE) models are widely used to simulate gross primary production (GPP). However, the treatment of the plant canopy as a big leaf by these models can introduce large ...uncertainties in simulated GPP. Recently, a two‐leaf light use efficiency (TL‐LUE) model was developed to simulate GPP separately for sunlit and shaded leaves and has been shown to outperform the big‐leaf MOD17 model at six FLUX sites in China. In this study we investigated the performance of the TL‐LUE model for a wider range of biomes. For this we optimized the parameters and tested the TL‐LUE model using data from 98 FLUXNET sites which are distributed across the globe. The results showed that the TL‐LUE model performed in general better than the MOD17 model in simulating 8 day GPP. Optimized maximum light use efficiency of shaded leaves (εmsh) was 2.63 to 4.59 times that of sunlit leaves (εmsu). Generally, the relationships of εmsh and εmsu with εmax were well described by linear equations, indicating the existence of general patterns across biomes. GPP simulated by the TL‐LUE model was much less sensitive to biases in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) input than the MOD17 model. The results of this study suggest that the proposed TL‐LUE model has the potential for simulating regional and global GPP of terrestrial ecosystems, and it is more robust with regard to usual biases in input data than existing approaches which neglect the bimodal within‐canopy distribution of PAR.
Key Points
TL‐LUE performed in general better than commonly used MOD17 algorithm
Tight relationships between LUE of sunlit and shaded leaves with LUE of MOD17
Lower sensitivity of TL‐LUE to PAR input data than that of MOD17
Light use efficiency (LUE) models are widely used to simulate gross primary production (GPP). However, the treatment of the plant canopy as a big leaf by these models can introduce large ...uncertainties in simulated GPP. Recently, a two-leaf light use efficiency (TL-LUE) model was developed to simulate GPP separately for sunlit and shaded leaves and has been shown to outperform the big-leaf MOD17 model at 6 FLUX sites in China. In this study we investigated the performance of the TL-LUE model for a wider range of biomes. For this we optimized the parameters and tested the TL-LUE model using data from 98 FLUXNET sites which are distributed across the globe. The results showed that the TL-LUE model performed in general better than the MOD17 model in simulating 8-day GPP. Optimized maximum light use efficiency of shaded leaves (εmsh) was 2.63 to 4.59 times that of sunlit leaves (εmsu). Generally, the relationships of εmsh and εmsu with εmax were well described by linear equations, indicating the existence of general patterns across biomes. GPP simulated by the TL-LUE model was much less sensitive to biases in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) input than the MOD17 model. The results of this study suggest that the proposed TL-LUE model has the potential for simulating regional and global GPP of terrestrial ecosystems and it is more robust with regard to usual biases in input data than existing approaches which neglect the bi-modal within-canopy distribution of PAR.
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