This economic, social and cultural analysis of the nature and variety of production and consumption activities in households in Kent and Cornwall yields important new insights on the transition to ...capitalism in England.
The depletion of fossil fuels, harmful emissions from their combustion, and the 2022 global energy shock due to geopolitical instabilities have led to the surge in renewable energy development. ...Within the context of the transportation sector, biodiesel is a sustainable and green source of liquid biofuel that can replace petroleum diesel and simultaneously be part of a solution to the aforementioned global problems. Conventional biodiesel production suffers from poor mass transfer, which leads to slow reaction kinetics, lengthy reaction time and inefficient heating of reaction. This study aims to enhance the mass transfer of biodiesel production through microwave heating in combination with a mesochannel reactor, fabricated using polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). A full factorial experimental study was investigated using palm oil with sodium hydroxide as catalyst, incorporating test parameters of methanol to oil molar ratio (3:1, 6:1, 9:1), catalyst loading (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 wt%) and reaction temperature (50, 60, 70 °C). Biodiesel samples were characterised using gas chromatography to quantify the biodiesel yield. The highest biodiesel yield of 78.0 % was achieved in under 1 minute at a methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst loading of 3:1, 70 °C and 1.0 wt%, respectively. It is postulated that greater yield could be achieved by lengthening the reactor channels. Overall, the use of PETG mesochannel reactor in combination with microwave-assisted heating has the prospect of facilitating rapid biodiesel production with enhanced mass transfer between reactants.
This article explores patterns of labour recruitment associated with the Audley End estate in Essex during the early 1900s drawing on evidence from estate records, the census and oral and family ...history research. Whereas a distinction has often been drawn between the high turnover of nationally recruited indoor servants, and the long service of locally-recruited estate workers, this paper shows that even amongst outdoor staff there were differences between specialists and general labourers. The former generally came from further afield, served for short periods and were recruited through more formal channels, whereas the latter were more local to the estate, hired through family and friendship connections and often served for many years. It is argued that the continued reliance on labour recruited locally helped maintain the close bonds between the estate and neighbouring villages at a time when the population as a whole was becoming increasingly mobile and urbanised. This in turn helps to explain the distinctive character of estate villages such as Audley End and Littlebury, their insularity and strong family linkages, that continued well into the 20th century.
Cathedrals as very large religious buildings spread worldwide, but in medieval times were peculiar to Europe. It seems that the design of cathedrals often had various symbolic implications. Usually, ...cathedral floor plans are considered as the first step in the whole construction process, and are related to other parts of the cathedral's construction. Previous literature suggested that complicated geometrical and numerical proportions were found in the measurements. The masons, including the master masons, were not likely to have had a sophisticated understanding of mathematical and geometrical systems. This paper suggests some simple geometric methods which may used in the design of the whole cathedral floor plan, based on the square and its derivative constructions, including golden-section rectangles, and other root rectangles and sacred cut squares. It is argued that simple methods were adopted by the masons in the planning and design process associated with cathedrals in medieval times.
Checks, grids and tartans Wang, Chaoran; Hann, Michael Andrew
The Research Journal of the Costume Culture,
10/2015, Letnik:
23, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Checks are best considered as a (visible) sub-set of grids, and each check consists of two assemblies of parallel lines, one superimposed on the other at ninety degrees. In the conventional textile ...context, one assembly of parallel yarns is superimposed on another at ninety degrees. These parallel lines caused by the yarns remain visually apparent in the finished composition. Commonly, checks are considered simply as a variety of woven textile and Scottish clan tartans, or plaids (common terminology for tartans in the USA), famously display a checked feature, using differently colored yarns in woven-textile form. Often the sequence of colours and the numbers of yarns used is equal in both warp and weft directions. Where this is the case, the tartan may be considered to be ‘balanced’ or ‘regular’, with the component yarns creating square units repeating across and down the fabric. Thus in balanced tartans, lengthways components have identical ordering, colouring and measured width to those used widthways. Meanwhile an unbalanced check lacks one or more of these attributes. This paper explores further the nature of Scottish clan tartans, using data collected from collections of rare tartans held at ULITA ? An Archive of A woven check fabric is based on a simple grid form and consists of two assemblies of parallel yarns, one superimposed on the other at ninety degrees. These parallel yarns remain visually apparent in the finished composition. Scottish clan tartans display a checked feature, using yarns of different colours. This paper considers the nature of tartans, drawing on data collected from rare samples held at the University of Leeds. In the ICS publication Weaves, Fabrics, Textile Designing (1906, section 85, 12), a check was defined as “…the effect produced in a fabric by several bands or lines, usually, but not necessarily, of different
This article explores the extent and nature of retail change in the eighteenth century. In focusing on a single region, it places retailing in its spatial, economic and social context; by adopting ...different scales of analysis - shop, town and region - it reveals much about the spatiality of retailing. The study shows that retail change had penetrated all aspects of retailing and all parts of the regional urban hierarchy by the end of the eighteenth century. However, any retailing revolution was a patchy and conditional process: the pace of change varied, and the gap between large and small towns apparently widened in the early nineteenth century.
Recent analyses have thrown open the shutters on supposedly dark and unappealing eighteenth-century shops and revealed them as complex social and economic spaces. This paper builds on such work to ...explore the ways in which the display of goods in provincial shops served a range of symbolic and practical functions. Drawing on detailed analysis of probate inventories, we argue that shopfittings were employed to assist in the process of selling wares by making them more visible to the customer. Displaying goods allowed shopkeepers to project appropriate images of their business as prosperous and themselves as knowledgeable. At the same time, the shop was shaped by and around the spatial practices of consumers as they browsed, selected and purchased goods. What is most striking, perhaps, is that these developments characterized shops from Kent to Lancashire, and from fashionable county towns to rural villages. Shops everywhere were becoming sites of consumption.
Checks, grids and tartans Chaoran Wang; Michael Andrew Hann
The Research Journal of the Costume Culture,
10/2015, Letnik:
23, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Checks are best considered as a (visible) sub-set of grids, and each check consists of two assemblies of parallel lines, one superimposed on the other at ninety degrees. In the conventional textile ...context, one assembly of parallel yarns is superimposed on another at ninety degrees. These parallel lines caused by the yarns remain visually apparent in the finished composition. Commonly, checks are considered simply as a variety of woven textile and Scottish clan tartans, or plaids (common terminology for tartans in the USA), famously display a checked feature, using differently colored yarns in woven-textile form. Often the sequence of colours and the numbers of yarns used is equal in both warp and weft directions. Where this is the case, the tartan may be considered to be ‘balanced’ or ‘regular’, with the component yarns creating square units repeating across and down the fabric. Thus in balanced tartans, lengthways components have identical ordering, colouring and measured width to those used widthways. Meanwhile an unbalanced check lacks one or more of these attributes. This paper explores further the nature of Scottish clan tartans, using data collected from collections of rare tartans held at ULITA – An Archive of International Textiles at the University of Leeds.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of related neurodevelopmental diseases displaying significant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Despite recent progress in ASD genetics, the nature of ...phenotypic heterogeneity across probands is not well understood. Notably, likely gene-disrupting (LGD) de novo mutations affecting the same gene often result in substantially different ASD phenotypes. We find that truncating mutations in a gene can result in a range of relatively mild decreases (15-30%) in gene expression due to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and show that more severe autism phenotypes are associated with greater decreases in expression. We also find that each gene with recurrent ASD mutations can be described by a parameter, phenotype dosage sensitivity (PDS), which characterizes the relationship between changes in a gene’s dosage and changes in a given phenotype. Using simple linear models, we show that changes in gene dosage account for a substantial fraction of phenotypic variability in ASD. We further observe that LGD mutations affecting the same exon frequently lead to strikingly similar phenotypes in unrelated ASD probands. These patterns are observed for two independent proband cohorts and multiple important ASD-associated phenotypes. The observed phenotypic similarities are likely mediated by similar changes in gene dosage and similar perturbations to the relative expression of splicing isoforms. We also identify patterns of developmental and cell type-specific expression that additionally contribute to the variability of several autism phenotypes.
Checks, grids and tartans Wang, Chaoran; Hann, Michael Andrew
The Research Journal of the Costume Culture,
10/2015, Letnik:
23, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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