The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the everyday professional life of teaching staff. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the pandemic on teachers' emotional exhaustion ...and job satisfaction.
A sample of 2531 school administrators and teachers from North Rhine-Westphalia was recruited in October 2020. Changes in emotional exhaustion during the pandemic were directly measured with nine items of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and changes in job satisfaction with six items. Adjusted regression models were used to determine risk and protective factors associated with changes in emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction.
Risk factors associated with both more frequently perceived symptoms of exhaustion and reduced job satisfaction were as follows: the additional workload during the pandemic, the stress of uncertainty, the perceived change in workload, concerns about the students, and being employed at an elementary school. A supportive school environment was associated with both fewer perceived symptoms of exhaustion and stable job satisfaction.
From the perspective of the teaching staff, the COVID-19 pandemic was related to subjective changes in emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with higher emotional exhaustion for more than half of the teaching staff and with reduced job satisfaction for one in five teachers. Due to the study design, causal conclusions are not possible.
The interactions between physical activity (PA), screen time, and sleep affect the health of children and adolescents. This study described the national prevalence estimates of German youth aged 9 to ...18 years who meet PA, screen time, and sleep guidelines alone and in combination and examined the associations of demographic and personal characteristics with adherence to guidelines. Data from a 2019–2020 German student survey were used (
n
= 15,786). The target population consisted of children and adolescents enrolled in grades 5–10, with a mean age of 13.0 years (SD = 1.8) and an equal gender distribution (male: 50%). The levels of PA, screen time, and sleep were assessed by self-reports (online questionnaires). The prevalence rates of meeting each guideline individually and in different combinations were calculated, and multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of demographic and personal characteristics with meeting versus not meeting guidelines. Overall, 9.7% of the respondents met all three guidelines combined, and approximately 25% did not meet any of the guidelines. Half of the participants (50%) met the sleep guidelines, and approximately one third met the screen time (35%) and PA (37%) guidelines alone. Demographic characteristics associated with adherence to meeting all three movement guidelines included younger age, male gender, higher self-reported socioeconomic status, and school type. Personal characteristics related to adherence to meeting all three movement guidelines included better subjective school performance, less frequent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), lower levels of depressive symptoms, lower body mass index (BMI), and not using substances in the past 30 days.
Conclusion:
A low percentage of German children and adolescents met the movement guidelines. With increasing age, the proportion of young people who follow the recommendations decreases. There is an urgent need for health interventions devoted to youth behavior as a whole.
What is Known:
•
High levels of PA, low levels of screen time, and optimal sleep duration provide enhanced health benefits in comparison to the adoption of just one of these behaviors.
•
Evidence shows that movement behaviors interact throughout the day and should be studied concurrently.
What is New:
•
Approximately 10% of German children and adolescents met the recommendations on PA, screen time, and sleep, while 25% did not meet any guidelines.
•
Meeting all guidelines was associated with less frequent ADHD and depressive symptoms, lower BMI, and less frequent substance use in the past 30 days.
We aimed to identify the levels of and changes in emotional exhaustion experienced by teachers and principals during the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic-related stressors and resources. In a German ...sample of 2157 teachers and 374 principals, we found high levels and an increase of emotional exhaustion. Results from multi-group structural equation modeling analyses indicated that health concerns and workload were positively and social support negatively related to emotional exhaustion. Additional analyses of an open response question confirmed that teachers and principals experienced their work during the COVID-19 pandemic as predominantly stressful. These results indicate the importance of supporting both teachers and principals in reducing their exhaustion to help students overcome the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
This study examined the association between bullying victimization and e‐cigarette use. Data from a 2019–2020 German student survey were used (N = 16,476). The target population consisted of students ...enrolled in grades 5–10, with a mean age of 13.1 years (SD = 1.8), and equal gender distribution (49.5% female). Mixed‐effect multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between bullying victimization (attacked physically, assaulted verbally, experienced relational bullying, sexual harassment, cyberbullying) and current e‐cigarette use. The multivariable analysis controlled for age, sex, sensation‐seeking, socioeconomic status, school performance, type of school attended, and substance use (current cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, and alcohol drinking). Overall 510 (3.7%) students reported current use of e‐cigarettes. The odds for using e‐cigarettes increased each step of being bullied from “never,” “rarely,” “sometimes,” “once a week,” to “several times a week” by 2.03 (95% confidence interval CI: 1.81, 2.29) in the unadjusted model, and by 1.46 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.71) in the covariate‐adjusted model. Data indicate an empirical association between victimization and e‐cigarette use among German students. Design limitations prevent the conclusion of a causal relationship, calling for well‐designed longitudinal studies to investigate the temporal sequence between victimization and e‐cigarette use.
Even if the legal age for alcoholic beverages in Germany is 16 or 18, the majority of young people have tried alcohol before this age. Parents are a frequent source of supply, especially for small ...amounts of alcohol ("sipping").
To investigate whether trying small amounts of alcohol is an independent predictor for binge drinking initiation.
A longitudinal analysis was carried out with 2566 students from 6th to 8th grade from thirteen German federal states (survey period 2018 to 2020). Inclusion criteria were an age of 13 years or younger and had never drunk a full drink of alcohol. The main study parameter was the first binge drinking event within 12 months.
Of the respondents, 35.9% stated that they had already tried alcohol but had not yet drunk a whole drink, while 64.1% had not yet had any experience with alcohol. After 12 months, those who had tried alcohol stated more often that they had already practiced binge drinking. This relationship persisted even after all study variables associated with binge drinking were controlled including age, type of school, sensation seeking, smoking, consumption of energy drinks and coffee, media time, sleep duration, hyperactivity, and behavior problems (adjusted odds ratio = 2.33; 95% CI 1.64-3.31).
There was an independent association between prematurely trying alcohol and the onset of binge drinking. The findings are in line with those of other studies that question the practice of early alcohol exposure. However, further studies are necessary to establish a causal relationship.
This study uses a hedonic price model to estimate the effect of proximity to a major fuel pipeline on housing prices, both before and after a high-profile accident. Using data for Bellingham, ...Washington, the site of a 1999 rupture and explosion, we find no significant effect of proximity to the pipeline prior to the accident. Following the accident, we find a substantial price effect; however, the effect decays rapidly with distance from the pipeline and also diminishes over time. Results suggest that for this type of environmental hazard, an adverse event leads to an increase in perceived risk. (JEL Q53, R31)
Der Präventionsradar untersucht das gesundheitsrelevante Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland und wird seit 2016 einmal jährlich an Schulen durchgeführt. Durch die Kombination aus ...Quer- und Längsschnittstudie ermöglicht der Präventionsradar neben der Analyse des aktuellen Gesundheitsverhaltens auch die Betrachtung dieser Verhaltensweisen im Zeitverlauf. Des Weiteren werden durch den Präventionsradar Schulen in ihrer Präventionsarbeit unterstützt.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling disease of the CNS. Inflammatory features of MS include lymphocyte accumulations in the CNS and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The preclinical events leading to ...established MS are still enigmatic. Here we compared gene expression patterns of CSF cells from MS-discordant monozygotic twin pairs. Six "healthy" co-twins, who carry a maximal familial risk for developing MS, showed subclinical neuroinflammation (SCNI) with small MRI lesions. Four of these subjects had oligoclonal bands (OCBs). By single-cell RNA sequencing of 2752 CSF cells, we identified clonally expanded CD8+ T cells, plasmablasts, and, to a lesser extent, CD4+ T cells not only from MS patients but also from subjects with SCNI. In contrast to nonexpanded T cells, clonally expanded T cells showed characteristics of activated tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. The TRM-like phenotype was detectable already in cells from SCNI subjects but more pronounced in cells from patients with definite MS. Expanded plasmablast clones were detected only in MS and SCNI subjects with OCBs. Our data provide evidence for very early concomitant activation of 3 components of the adaptive immune system in MS, with a notable contribution of clonally expanded TRM-like CD8+ cells.
PDF
