This article places the study of rural environmental activism in the wider context of the Chinese government's promotion of Ecological Civilization (shengtai wenming 生态文明). Ecological Civilization ...is, we argue, a top-down imaginary of China's future that opens up space for environmental agency while setting authoritative standards for how to frame protests in a logic of science and social stability. The article compares how residents in a small cluster of villages in Zhejiang province dealt with different sources of air pollution over a span of ten years: how, when and why they chose to negotiate with local officials and industrial managers to prevent or reduce air pollution, and what the outcome was. We found that in addition to a consciousness of the right to protest, villagers had come to regard the ability to evoke science in negotiations with officials and industrial managers as crucial for success. We suggest that the forms of environmental activism we observed were in effect “containable protests” that befit the state-initiated national imaginary of an ecologically civilized world. 这篇文章把乡村环保行动置于中国政府推进的”生态文明”建设的大背景下进行研究。我们认为, “生态文明” 建设是一种自上而下的对未来中国发展的 “国家想象”, 它把环保抗争有效地纳入到科学发展和社会稳定的制度框架里, 更重要的是, 为环境保护行动打开了一个新的空间。文章从抗争方式、时间选择和原因诉求等方面, 通过对浙江省多个村落的村民进行调查, 比较研究他们十年来面对不同的空气污染源, 与地方官员、工厂老板协商阻止和缓解空气污染的环保抗争及其行动结果。我们发现, 除了 “依权抗争” 之外, 在与官方和老板协商过程中, 村民运用科学知识的能力成为他们成功的重要手段。我们建议, 环保行动中的 “包容抗争” 方式可能更利于实现由国家发起的生态文明建设 “国家想象” 的愿景。
Introduction: Air Pollution in China Aunan, Kristin; Hansen, Mette Halskov; Wang, Shuxiao
The China quarterly (London),
06/2018, Letnik:
234
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
This introduction provides an overview and analysis of key scientific data regarding air pollution in China. It constitutes a reference for understanding how policymakers, media and population in ...China make sense of and deal with air pollution, as discussed in the other articles of the section. We summarize the major characteristics and trends regarding air pollution in China, including its main sources and composition, levels of population exposure across the country, attributable mortality, and mitigation efforts. We also compare current levels of air pollution in China with other parts of the world and in a historical perspective. While the situation remains dire in many regions, particularly the Northeast, we conclude that there are signs of relief, or at least a halt to the increase in ambient air pollution levels. At the same time, critical issues regarding unequal levels of exposure remain, and health damaging levels of air pollution in cities will undoubtedly remain high for a long time to come. The rural population residing in areas close to industry and polluted cities and still depending on solid household fuels will likely be the worst off when it comes to air pollution exposure.
Women differ from men with regard to muscle and tendon, most likely because of sex differences in estrogen. The present experimental findings suggest the hypothesis that estrogen has an anabolic ...effect on muscle primarily by lowering the protein turnover and enhancing sensitivity to resistance training. Furthermore, estrogen may reduce the stiffness of tendons, an effect that may be modified by physical training.
Clinical placements and supervision is an integral part of nursing education internationally. There are significant differences between students' expectations of clinical learning and their ...fulfillment. Few studies have focused on supervisors' perspectives on clinical placements. The objective of this study was to explore nursing supervisors' perspectives on students' preparedness for clinical placements. Methods The study was conducted in a county in Southeastern-Norway, with 317.000 inhabitants, and within one hospital and one university college catchment area. Focus group interviews were conducted in the periode August to December 2018. Data were analyzed using Hsieh and Shannon's conventional content analysis. Results 34 nursing supervisors participated, three intellectual disability nurses and 31 registered nurses, working in four different primary healthcare wards and four different hospital wards. Participants' age ranged from 23 to 58 years, one male only. Through the analysis we derived the category 'Shared responsibility for preparation' with subcategories a) Individual initiative, and b) University college facilitation. Conclusions Findings indicate that there is a gap between nursing supervisors' expectations and reality regarding students' preparedness for clinical placements. Moreover, nursing supervisors did not seem to focus on their own role in student preparedness.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Knowledge on the prevalence of sex chromosome abnormalities (SCAs) is limited, and delayed diagnosis or non-diagnosis of SCAs are a continuous concern. We aimed to investigate change over time in ...incidence, prevalence and age at diagnosis among Turner syndrome (TS), Klinefelter syndrome (KS), Triple X syndrome (Triple X) and Double Y syndrome (Double Y).
This study is a nationwide cohort study in a public health care system. The Danish Cytogenetic Central Registry (DCCR) holds information on all karyotypes performed in Denmark since 1961. We identified all individuals in the DCCR with a relevant SCA during 1961-2014; TS: n = 1156; KS: n = 1235; Triple X: n = 197; and Double Y: n = 287. From Statistics Denmark, which holds an extensive collection of data on the Danish population, complete data concerning dates of death and migrations in and out of Denmark were retrieved for all individuals.
The prevalence among newborns was as follows: TS: 59 per 100,000 females; KS: 57 per 100,000 males; Triple X: 11 per 100,000 females; and Double Y: 18 per 100,000 males. Compared with the expected number among newborns, all TS, 38% of KS, 13% of Triple X, and 18% of Double Y did eventually receive a diagnosis. The incidence of TS with other karyotypes than 45,X (P < 0.0001), KS (P = 0.02), and Double Y (P = 0.03) increased during the study period whereas the incidence of 45,X TS decreased (P = 0.0006). The incidence of Triple X was stable (P = 0.22).
The prevalence of TS is higher than previously identified, and the karyotypic composition of the TS population is changing. Non-diagnosis is extensive among KS, Triple X and Double Y, whereas all TS seem to become diagnosed. The diagnostic activity has increased among TS with other karyotypes than 45,X as well as among KS and Double Y.
Due to increased longevity, women can expect to live more than one-third of their lives in a post-menopausal state, which is characterised by low circulating levels of oestrogen and progesterone. The ...aim of this review is to provide insights into current knowledge of the effect of female hormones (or lack of female hormones) on skeletal muscle protein turnover at rest and in response to exercise. This review is primarily based on data from human trials. Many elderly post-menopausal women experience physical disabilities and loss of independence related to sarcopenia, which reduces life quality and is associated with substantial financial costs. Resistance training and dietary optimisation can counteract or at least decelerate the degenerative ageing process, but lack of oestrogen in post-menopausal women may reduce their sensitivity to these anabolic stimuli and accelerate muscle loss. Tendons and ligaments are also affected by sex hormones, but the effect seems to differ between endogenous and exogenous female hormones. Furthermore, the effect seems to depend on the age, and as a result influence the biomechanical properties of the ligaments and tendons differentially. Based on the present knowledge oestrogen seems to play a significant role with regard to skeletal muscle protein turnover. Therefore, oestrogen/hormonal replacement therapy may counteract the degenerative changes in skeletal muscle. Nevertheless, there is a need for greater insight into the direct and indirect mechanistic effects of female hormones before any evidence-based recommendations regarding type, dose, duration and timing of hormone replacement therapy can be provided.
People and places are entangled through material, social, discursive and emotional relations, which makes it complex to understand the daily living in a certain place. In this article, we explore ...such entanglements, with an outset in two underprivileged neighbourhoods in Denmark, by drawing on two sets of theoretical thinking: The framework of multiplicity, and the concept of place. We argue that the neighbourhoods cannot be defined as either good or bad places of living. Rather they exist in complex ways, where what makes some people feel at home, is what makes others feel insecure, and where such ambivalent feelings can co-exist inherently for individual residents. Furthermore, our analysis shows that manifold enactments of residents and places enable multiple trajectories of how to live and identify oneself in relation to the neighbourhood.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Women with Turner syndrome (TS) suffer from hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, causing a deficit in gonadal hormone secretion. As a consequence, these women are treated with estrogen from the age of 12 ...years, and later in combination with progesterone. However, androgens have been given less attention.
To assess sex hormone levels in women with TS, both those treated and those nontreated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and investigate the impact of HRT on sex hormone levels.
At Aarhus University Hospital, 99 women with TS were followed 3 times from August 2003 to February 2010. Seventeen were lost during follow-up. Control group 1 consisted of 68 healthy age-matched control women seen once during this period. Control group 2 consisted of 28 young, eumenorrheic women sampled 9 times throughout the same menstrual cycle. Serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17β-estradiol, estrone sulfate, DHEAS, testosterone, free androgen index, androstenedione, 17-OH progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were analyzed.
All androgens, 17-OH progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were 30% to 50% lower in TS compared with controls (P < 0.01). FSH, LH, and estrone sulfate were more than doubled in women with TS compared with controls (P < 0.02). Using principal component analysis, we describe a positive correlation between women with TS receiving HRT, elevated levels of SHBG, and decreased levels of androgens.
The sex hormone profile in TS reveals a picture of androgen deficiency, aggravated further by HRT. Conventional HRT does not normalize estradiol levels in TS.
Falls among older adults is one of the major public health challenges facing the rapidly changing demography. The valid assessment of reaction time (RT) and other well-documented risk factors for ...falls are mainly restricted to specialized clinics due to the equipment needed. The Nintendo Wii Balance Board has the potential to be a multi-modal test and intervention instrument for these risk factors, however, reference data are lacking.
To provide RT reference data and to characterize the age-related changes in RT measured by the Nintendo Wii Balance Board.
Healthy participants were recruited at various locations and their RT in hands and feet were tested by six assessors using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board. Reference data were analysed and presented in age-groups, while the age-related change in RT was tested and characterized with linear regression models.
354 participants between 20 and 99 years of age were tested. For both hands and feet, mean RT and its variation increased with age. There was a statistically significant non-linear increase in RT with age. The averaged difference between male and female was significant, with males being faster than females for both hands and feet. The averaged difference between dominant and non-dominant side was non-significant.
This study reported reference data with percentiles for a new promising method for reliably testing RT. The RT data were consistent with previously known effects of age and gender on RT.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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