Meale, S. J., Ding, S., He, M. L., Dugan, M. E. R., Ribeiro Jr. G. O., Alazzeh, A. Y., Holo, H., Harstad, O. M., McAllister, T. A. and Chaves, A. V. 2014. Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ...on ruminal fermentation patterns, methane production and lipid biohydrogenation of beef finishing diets containing flaxseed oil in a rumen simulation technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 685-695. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of Propionibacterium freudenreichii (strain T54; PB) and flaxseed oil (FO) in a total mixed ration on ruminal fermentation, CH4 production and fatty acid biohydrogenation in two artificial rumens (RUSITEC). The experiment consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 12 d of sample collection with four replicate fermenters per treatment. Treatments were: (1) CON; (2) PB; (3) FO (60 g kg-1 DM with autoclaved PB); (4) FOPB (60 g kg-1 DM with PB). Disappearance of DM (g kg-1 DM) and gas production (mL g-1 DM) were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). Inclusion of FOPB increased (P=0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (mmol d-1), compared with CON and PB. The acetate:propionate ratio was reduced (P<0.001) in all treatments, compared with CON. Methane production (mL g-1 DM or mL g-1 DMD) was lowest (P<0.001) with PB (27.1%); however, FO (14.3%) and FOPB (19.3%) also reduced CH4 compared with CON. Fatty acid profiles for PB were similar (P>0.05) to CON for most fatty acids. Concentrations of 18:3n-3 were greater (P<0.001) in FO and FOPB in both digesta and effluent, compared with CON. Propionibacterium freudenreichii had very little effect on ruminal biohydrogenation, but reduced CH4 production under the current conditions as a result of increasing propionate production.
Results indicated that the dual marker system of Yb-acetate and Co-EDTA supplied per os reduced the proportion of fatty acids in bovine milk that were products of Δ ⁹-desaturase. To verify this ...effect and identify the responsible marker component, 18 cows (3 cows per treatment) were administered per os a 0.25-L solution of either Co-acetate, Co-EDTA, Co-EDTA + Yb-acetate, EDTA, Yb-acetate, or water twice daily for 5 d. The daily amounts of Co, Yb, and EDTA were, respectively, 3.50, 3.44, and 21.00 g per cow. Milk and blood were sampled and analyzed for content of fatty acids, and blood was sampled and analyzed for Co and cobalamin. Only solutions containing Co had a reducing effect (P less-than or equal to 0.01) on fatty acids that were products of Δ⁹-desaturase in milk--cis-9 10:1, cis-9 14:1, cis-9 16:1, cis-9, trans-11 18:2, and cis-9 18:1--with the exception of the solution containing Co-EDTA + Yb-acetate for cis-9 18:1. Of the substrate fatty acids of Δ ⁹-desaturase, only 18:0 increased (P < 0.001) in all groups supplied with Co-containing solutions. Thus, Co had a reducing effect (P less-than or equal to 0.004) on the Δ ⁹-desaturase indices (product of Δ⁹-desaturase)/(product of Δ⁹-desaturase + substrate of Δ⁹-desaturase) of milk for cis-9 14:1, cis-9 16:1, cis-9 18:1, and cis-9, trans-11 18:2. There were no differences in Δ⁹-desaturase indices between Co-EDTA and Co-acetate. None of the marker solutions influenced the fatty acid composition of blood plasma, and Co was detected only in the blood samples from cows treated with solutions containing Co. On the basis of these results, we concluded that Co given per os decreased the Δ⁹-desaturase indices of bovine milk.
Aims
We have previously reported that asymptomatic systolic heart failure (HF) is characterized by an impaired renal response to volume expansion due to lack of activation of urinary cGMP which is ...corrected by subcutaneous (SQ) BNP. In the current study, we sought to define the cardiorenal response to intravascular volume expansion after 12 weeks of SQ BNP therapy.
Methods and results
We utilized a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study to compare 12 weeks of twice‐daily SQ BNP 10 µg/kg (n = 22) or placebo (n = 12) in asymptomatic systolic HF. Subjects underwent two study visits: baseline and after 12 weeks of therapy. At each study visit, echocardiography, renal, and neurohumoral assessments were performed before and after intravascular volume expansion. The primary endpoint was change in urinary sodium excretion in response to volume expansion at 12 weeks, and we observed a greater increase in urinary sodium excretion 166 (77, 290) vs. 15 (−39, 72) mEq/min; P = 0.02 with SQ BNP treatment vs. placebo. Secondary endpoints included change in urine flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to volume expansion at 12 weeks. We observed a significant increase in urine flow (P < 0.01) and trend for differential response in GFR (P = 0.08) with SQ BNP treatment vs. placebo.
Conclusion
Among patients with asymptomatic systolic HF, twice‐daily SQ BNP therapy improved the cardiorenal response to volume expansion at 12‐week follow‐up. Further studies are warranted to determine if these beneficial physiological observations with chronic natriuretic peptide administration translate into a delay in the progression to symptomatic HF.
To increase food production while minimizing its influence on climate change, farming systems in future will need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of product (i.e., GHG intensity). ...To assess the level and variation in GHG emissions intensity among Norwegian dairy farms, we conducted an analysis of 30 dairy farms to calculate farm scale emissions of GHGs, expressed as CO2 equivalents (CO2eq) per kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM), and CO2eq/kg carcass weight (CW) sold. A model, HolosNor, was developed to estimate net GHG emissions, including soil C changes, from dairy farms. The model requires farm scale input data of soil physical characteristics, weather, and farm operations. Based on data from 2008 the estimated level of GHG intensity was 1.02kgCO2eqkg−1 FPCM, 21.67kgCO2eqkg−1 CW sold as culled cows and heifers, and 17.25kgCO2eqkg−1 CW sold as young bulls. On average, enteric CH4 was the largest emission source both per unit FPCM and CW, accounting for 0.39kgCO2eqkg−1 FPCM, 8.34kgCO2eqkg−1 CW sold as culled cows and heifers, and 6.84kgCO2eqkg−1 CW sold as young bulls. Variation in the estimated soil N2O emissions was the source that contributed the most to the total variation among the farms; the difference between the minimum and the maximum levels was estimated to be 0.30kgCO2eqkg−1 FPCM, and 6.43 and 6.49kgCO2eqkg−1 CW sold as culled cows/heifers and young bulls, respectively. Other GHG emission sources also varied considerably among the farms; similar to the N2O emissions, higher emissions of enteric CH4, indirect energy use due to manufacturing of farm inputs, and soil C change all contributed to the higher GHG intensity of some farms. Our study estimates large variation in GHG intensity among dairy farms in Norway and indicates a sensitivity of the emissions to mitigation measures. Production of milk and beef is a complex biological system, thus mitigation options are likely to be most successful when applied in small steps. Thus, the most valuable contribution of the current work is the framework of an on-farm tool for assessing farm-specific mitigation options of Norwegian dairy and beef production.
Summary The main objective of this study was to examine if cobalt (Co) reduces Delta9-desaturase indices in milk and blood lipids in sows. The experimental design consisted of a repeated measurement ...consisting of a pre-treatment period of a minimum of 9 days, a treatment period of 5 days and a post-treatment period of 6 days. Experimental animals consisted of 10 lactating sows; five sows had an intramuscular injection of 59 mg Co diluted in 5 ml 0.9% saline solution twice a day, whereas the other five had an intramuscular injection of 5 ml 0.9% saline solution twice a day as a control. Milk Delta9-desaturase indices for cis-9 18:1, cis-9 16:1 and cis-9 14:1 were significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) as a result of the Co-treatment, contrasting with the plasma Delta9-desaturase indices, which were unaffected. Potential mechanisms explaining how Co might reduce milk Delta9-desaturase indices are discussed. Moreover, the toxicological level of Co and potential implications of using Co-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a liquid marker in digestibility experiments are addressed. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Cobalt reduces the Δ9-desaturase index of sow milk Karlengen, I. J.; Harstad, O. M.; Kjos, N. P. ...
Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition,
10/2011, Letnik:
95, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Results indicated that the dual marker system of Yb-acetate and Co-EDTA supplied per os reduced the proportion of fatty acids in bovine milk that were products of Δ^sup 9^-desaturase. To verify this ...effect and identify the responsible marker component, 18 cows (3 cows per treatment) were administered per os a 0.25-L solution of either Co-acetate, Co-EDTA, Co-EDTA + Yb-acetate, EDTA, Yb-acetate, or water twice daily for 5 d. The daily amounts of Co, Yb, and EDTA were, respectively, 3.50, 3.44, and 21.00 g per cow. Milk and blood were sampled and analyzed for content of fatty acids, and blood was sampled and analyzed for Co and cobalamin. Only solutions containing Co had a reducing effect (P ≤ 0.01) on fatty acids that were products of Δ^sup 9^-desaturase in milk-cis-9 10:1, cis-9 14:1, cis-9 16:1, cis-9, trans-11 18:2, and cis-9 18:1-with the exception of the solution containing Co-EDTA + Yb-acetate for cis-9 18:1. Of the substrate fatty acids of Δ^sup 9^-desaturase, only 18:0 increased (P < 0.001) in all groups supplied with Co-containing solutions. Thus, Co had a reducing effect (P ≤ 0.004) on the Δ^sup 9^-desaturase indices (product of Δ^sup 9^-desaturase)/(product of Δ^sup 9^-desaturase + substrate of Δ^sup 9^-desaturase) of milk for cis-9 14:1, cis-9 16:1, cis-9 18:1, and cis-9, trans-11 18:2. There were no differences in Δ^sup 9^-desaturase indices between Co-EDTA and Co-acetate. None of the marker solutions influenced the fatty acid composition of blood plasma, and Co was detected only in the blood samples from cows treated with solutions containing Co. On the basis of these results, we concluded that Co given per os decreased the Δ^sup 9^-desaturase indices of bovine milk. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Balanced transfusions, including platelets, are critical for bleeding patients to maintain hemostasis. Many rural hospitals have no or limited platelet inventory, with several hours of transport time ...from larger hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using cryopreserved platelets that can be stored for years, in remote hospitals with no or limited platelet inventory.
Three remote hospitals participated in a prospective study including adult bleeding patients where platelet transfusions were indicated. Cryopreserved platelets were prepared in a university hospital, concentrated in 10 ml, transported on dry ice, and stored at -80°C at the receiving hospital. At request, the concentrated platelet units were thawed and diluted in fresh frozen plasma. The indications, blood transfusion needs, and laboratory parameters pre- and post-transfusion, as well as logistics, such as time from request to transfusion and work efforts in preparing cryopreserved platelets, were evaluated.
Twenty-three bleeding patients were included. Nine patients (39%) were treated for gastrointestinal bleeding, five (22%) for perioperative bleeding, and four (17%) for trauma bleeding. The transfusion needs were 4.9 ± 3.3 red blood cell units, 3.2 ± 2.3 plasma units, and 1.9 ± 2.2 platelet units, whereof cryopreserved were 1.5 ± 1.1 (mean ± SD). One patient had a mild allergic reaction. We could not show the difference in laboratory results between pre- and post-transfusion of the cryopreserved units in the bleeding patients. The mean time from the order of cryopreserved platelets to transfusion was 64 min, with a range from 25 to 180 min.
Cryopreserved platelets in remote hospitals are logistically feasible in the treatment of bleeding. The ability to have platelets in stock reduces the time to platelet transfusion in bleeding patients where the alternative often is many hours delay. Clinical effectiveness and safety previously shown in other studies are supported in this small feasibility study.
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