The study explored ferulic acid extraction from palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber using deep eutectic solvent (DES) of chlorine chloride—acetic acid as the extraction medium and the way to recover ...and recycle the DES thereafter. Antisolvent was added to selectively precipitate the ferulic acid, which was recovered by filtration thereafter. Recycling the DES without further purification led to increased ferulic acid yield with each subsequent extraction, likely due to retained ferulic acid. The retained ferulic acid and other impurities could be removed by precipitation brought upon by the addition of a second antisolvent. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that there was no excess ferulic acid in the recycled DES‐treated with two types of antisolvents (ethanol and water). The yield of ferulic acid increased from 0.1367–0.1856 g/g when treated with only one antisolvent to 0.1368–0.2897 g/g with two antisolvent treatments. Oil droplets were also observed in the DES upon the addition of antisolvent 2, with recovered oil ranging from 0.6% to 3%. The study emphasized the significance of using DES as an extraction medium for ferulic acid from oil palm EFB fiber and the method to recycle the DES for subsequent processes.
Chloride contaminants are the culprit for the formation of harmful compounds such as the 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and 2-monochlororpropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) during edible ...oil processing. Understanding the source of these chloride’s donor is important for steps to be taken to mitigate the formation of undesirable chloropropanols in refined edible oils. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to differentiate between the inorganic chloride and organochlorine present in crude palm oil, palm superolein, refined olive oil and refined sunflower oil. A quantitative NMR (qNMR) method was developed to analyse the amount of organochlorine present in the aforementioned edible oils. Excellent regression coefficient (R ≥ 0.9995) and LOQ (0.45 ppm) showed that the method is linear and feasible. Recoveries of the method spanned between 90 % and 94 % for the four types of oils analysed. This showed the potential of qNMR for the determination of organochlorine in edible oils.
•35-Cl NMR could distinguish between organochlorine and inorganic chloride.•Organo and inorganic chloride resonate at ca.δ70 and δ0–30 ppm respectively.•Excellent regression coefficient showed linearity and feasibility of qNMR.•Recoveries of the qNMR method spanned between 90 % and 94 % for the oils analysed.•LOD and LOQ of the qNMR method were 0.14 and 0.45 ppm respectively.
