The MAVEN SupraThermal And Thermal Ion Compostion (STATIC) instrument is designed to measure the ion composition and distribution function of the cold Martian ionosphere, the heated suprathermal tail ...of this plasma in the upper ionosphere, and the pickup ions accelerated by solar wind electric fields. STATIC operates over an energy range of 0.1 eV up to 30 keV, with a base time resolution of 4 seconds. The instrument consists of a toroidal “top hat” electrostatic analyzer with a
360
∘
×
90
∘
field-of-view, combined with a time-of-flight (TOF) velocity analyzer with
22.5
∘
resolution in the detection plane. The TOF combines a
−
15
kV
acceleration voltage with ultra-thin carbon foils to resolve
H
+
,
He
+
+
,
He
+
,
O
+
,
O
2
+
, and
CO
2
+
ions. Secondary electrons from carbon foils are detected by microchannel plate detectors and binned into a variety of data products with varying energy, mass, angle, and time resolution. To prevent detector saturation when measuring cold ram ions at periapsis (
∼
10
1
1
eV/cm
2
s
sr
eV
), while maintaining adequate sensitivity to resolve tenuous pickup ions at apoapsis (
∼
10
3
eV/cm
2
s
sr
eV
), the sensor includes both mechanical and electrostatic attenuators that increase the dynamic range by a factor of
10
3
. This paper describes the instrument hardware, including several innovative improvements over previous TOF sensors, the ground calibrations of the sensor, the data products generated by the experiment, and some early measurements during cruise phase to Mars.
•Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a multifactorial disease, combining viral, host and environmental factors.•EHM has been more commonly associated with the neuropathic (D752) than ...the non-neuropathic (N752) genotype.•Horses with EHM caused by either D752 or N752 genotype of EHV-1 showed no differences in age, sex and outcome.•Urinary incontinence was the only sign more frequently reported in horses infected with the D752 genotype of EHV-1.
The objective of this study was to determine if the genotype of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) impacted clinical disease and outcome of horses with laboratory confirmed equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Medical records from 65 horses diagnosed with EHM from 2011 to 2019 were reviewed for signalment, presence and severity of clinical signs (lethargy, fever, ataxia, urinary incontinence) and outcome. Horses were further grouped based on the EHV-1 genotype into neuropathic (D752) or non-neuropathic (N752) EHV-1 infection. Between the two EHV-1 genotype groups, age and sex distributions were similar, although breed distribution was different (Quarter Horses and Saddlebreds were overrepresented and Warmbloods were underrepresented in the EHV-1 D752 group compared to the EHV-1 N752 group; P = 0.009). Lethargy, fever, ataxia and outcome were not significantly different between the two EHV-1 genotype groups (P > 0.05). However, urinary incontinence was significantly more frequently reported in horses infected with the D752 genotype of EHV-1 (P=0.04). Contrary to previous studies, the present study showed no difference in frequency of genotype (D752 or N752) among 65 horses with EHM and, with the exception of urinary incontinence, no difference in clinical disease or outcome related to the EHV-1 genotype.
Purpose: This is the first review article examining literature specific to the use of corneal cross-linking (CXL) to treat pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD). Results: CXL appears to be an ...effective treatment that may halt the progression of PMD to stabilize vision. This could postpone or eliminate the need for corneal transplantation in the management of these patients. Furthermore, combining CXL with keratorefractive surgery in a single procedure has been shown to be safe and successful in improving vision in PMD patients. Conclusions: The data reported in literature is limited at this time, consisting mostly of retrospective studies with short term follow up. Further research is needed to evaluate refractive effects of combined CXL and excimer laser procedures.
Community colleges increasingly implement various student success programs, including 1st-year seminars, college skills courses, learning communities, and orientation, in an effort to boost degree ...completion. However, it is unclear how success programs’ curricular designs may contribute to these and associated student outcomes. Such inquiry is limited, in part, by the lack of methodological frameworks for program impact heterogeneity research. This study proposes a new conceptualization of nominally different student success programs as instances of a broader activity, which also provides a way to operationalize their curricular structures in comparable ways. Second, to briefly illustrate this approach, the study leverages matched program and student data to investigate how variations in student engagement—an emergent intermediate outcome for fostering successful college going—are related to variation in program design. Findings reveal that structural and underutilized curricular elements may be more impactful than skills-based curricula that are typically the organizing focus of these programs.
Using a parallel single molecule magnetic tweezers assay we demonstrate homologous pairing of two double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules in the absence of proteins, divalent metal ions, crowding agents, ...or free DNA ends. Pairing is accurate and rapid under physiological conditions of temperature and monovalent salt, even at DNA molecule concentrations orders of magnitude below those found in vivo, and in the presence of a large excess of nonspecific competitor DNA. Crowding agents further increase the reaction rate. Pairing is readily detected between regions of homology of 5 kb or more. Detected pairs are stable against thermal forces and shear forces up to 10 pN. These results strongly suggest that direct recognition of homology between chemically intact B-DNA molecules should be possible in vivo. The robustness of the observed signal raises the possibility that pairing might even be the "default" option, limited to desired situations by specific features. Protein-independent homologous pairing of intact dsDNA has been predicted theoretically, but further studies are needed to determine whether existing theories fit sequence length, temperature, and salt dependencies described here.
The Particle Detector (PD) experiment aboard the geostationary satellite GEO-KOMPSAT-2A (GK2A) measures populations of electrons and positive ions in the Earth’s geostationary orbit at a geographic ...longitude of
128.2
∘
E
, inclination of
0
∘
and a mean orbital radius of 6.6 Earth radii (
R
E
). The PD experiment consists of three sensors with different viewing angles relative to the spacecraft. Each sensor consists of two telescopes that are mechanically configured back-to-back with a field-of-view of
20
∘
×
20
∘
and measures electrons and ions, using silicon detectors equipped with foils and magnets for the separation of ions and electrons. The energy ranges of the sensor for electrons and ions are 100–3800 keV and 148–22500 keV, respectively. A particular emphasis on electron measurement is given by allocating 48 energy bins in the measured energy range, whereas 22 energy bins are allocated for ion measurements. This unprecedented energy resolution of
Δ
E
/
E
in the range 5–25% for the electron and ion flux measurements is acquired every three seconds with cyclic polling of each sensor every second to provide an effective temporal resolution of one second. Together with the magnetometer aboard the spacecraft, the PD experiment will provide quantitative observations that will enable improved understanding of the adiabatic and nonadiabatic dynamics of the Earth’s magnetosphere for space weather studies at geostationary orbits from the vantage point of a far-east longitude.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed to manage anxiety in adults with an autism diagnosis. However, their effectiveness and adverse effect profile in the autistic ...population are not well known. This trial aims to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the SSRI sertraline in reducing symptoms of anxiety and improving quality of life in adults with a diagnosis of autism compared with placebo and to quantify any adverse effects.
STRATA is a two-parallel group, multi-centre, pragmatic, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial with allocation at the level of the individual. It will be delivered through recruiting sites with autism services in 4 regional centres in the United Kingdom (UK) and 1 in Australia. Adults with an autism diagnosis and a Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) score ≥ 10 at screening will be randomised 1:1 to either 25 mg sertraline or placebo, with subsequent flexible dose titration up to 200 mg. The primary outcome is GAD-7 scores at 16 weeks post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes include adverse effects, proportionate change in GAD-7 scores including 50% reduction, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, panic attacks, repetitive behaviours, meltdowns, depressive symptoms, composite depression and anxiety, functioning and disability and quality of life. Carer burden will be assessed in a linked carer sub-study. Outcome data will be collected using online/paper methods via video call, face-to-face or telephone according to participant preference at 16, 24 and 52 weeks post-randomisation, with brief safety checks and data collection at 1-2, 4, 8, 12 and 36 weeks. An economic evaluation to study the cost-effectiveness of sertraline vs placebo and a QuinteT Recruitment Intervention (QRI) to optimise recruitment and informed consent are embedded within the trial. Qualitative interviews at various times during the study will explore experiences of participating and taking the trial medication.
Results from this study should help autistic adults and their clinicians make evidence-based decisions on the use of sertraline for managing anxiety in this population.
ISRCTN, ISRCTN15984604 . Registered on 08 February 2021. EudraCT 2019-004312-66. ANZCTR ACTRN12621000801819. Registered on 07 April 2021.
Little is known about the migration and movements of migratory tree-roosting bat species in North America, though anecdotal observations of migrating bats over the Atlantic Ocean have been reported ...since at least the 1890s. Aerial surveys and boat-based surveys of wildlife off the Atlantic Seaboard detected a possible diurnal migration event of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) in September 2012. One bat was sighted approximately 44 km east of Rehoboth Beach, Delaware during a boat-based survey. Eleven additional bats were observed between 16.9 and 41.8 km east of New Jersey, Delaware, and Virginia in high definition video footage collected during digital aerial surveys. Observations were collected incidentally as part of a large baseline study of seabird, marine mammal, and sea turtle distributions and movements in the offshore environment. Digital survey methods also allowed for altitude estimation for several of these bats at >100 m above sea level. These observations provide new evidence of bat movements offshore, and offer insight into their flight heights above sea level and the times of day at which such migrations may occur.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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