Aims
Tissue adhesives (TAs) are a commonly used adjunct to traditional surgical wound closures. However, TAs must be allowed to dry before application of a surgical dressing, increasing operating ...time and reducing intraoperative efficiency. The goal of this study is to identify a practical method for decreasing the curing time for TAs.
Methods
Six techniques were tested to determine which one resulted in the quickest drying time for 2-octyle cyanoacrylate (Dermabond) skin adhesive. These were nothing (control), fanning with a hand (Fanning), covering with a hand (Covering), bringing operating room lights close (OR Lights), ultraviolet lights (UV Light), or prewarming the TA applicator in a hot water bath (Hot Water Bath). Equal amounts of TA were applied to a reproducible plexiglass surface and allowed to dry while undergoing one of the six techniques. The time to complete dryness was recorded for ten specimens for each of the six techniques.
Results
Use of the Covering, OR Lights, and Hot Water Bath techniques were associated with a 25- (p = 0.042), 27- (p = 0.023), and 30-second (p = 0.009) reduction in drying time, respectively, when compared to controls. The UV Light (p = 0.404) and Fanning (p = 1.000) methods had no effect on drying time.
Conclusion
Use of the Covering, OR Lights, and Hot Water Bath techniques present a means for reducing overall operating time for surgeons using TA for closure augmentation, which can increase intraoperative efficiency. Further studies are needed to validate this in vivo. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(8):607–610.
We probe the present‐day stresses in the lunar interior by examining the slip directions of moonquakes in the A01 nest. In this nest, some deep moonquakes appear to slip “backwards,” in the opposite ...direction to other events. We assess whether these changes in slip direction result from a spatial variation in the tectonic stress or from a temporal variation in the tidal stress. To test these two options, we first show that a dominant tectonic stress implies deep moonquakes can only slip in one direction: forwards and backwards, while a dominant tidal stress could allow moonquakes to slip in more directions: any combination of forwards, backwards, left, and right. Then we look for the number of slip directions; we separate the deep moonquake waveforms into slip directions using a principal component analysis technique. We find two slip directions present in the A01 deep moonquake nest. The moonquakes slip in a variety of directions as time evolves. This observation implies that the tidal stresses drive deep moonquakes. Additionally, these results place a new constraint on the magnitude of the tectonic stresses at depth; they must be smaller than the modeled tidal stress of ∼0.1 MPa.
Plain Language Summary
The stresses that act in the lunar interior are not well known but are important for improving our knowledge of the interior of the Moon and its evolution. Deep inside the Moon, at depths between 700 and 1,200 km, moonquakes occur approximately every 27 days, suggesting they are influenced by Earth's time‐varying gravitational pull: by Earth‐induced tides. Are the tides responsible for generating deep moonquakes? Or is long‐term tectonic stress, in addition to the tidal stresses responsible? Using the waveforms of these deep moonquakes, we aim to determine the relative magnitudes of the tidal and tectonic stresses acting deep in the lunar interior. To do this, we look at the directions in which the moonquakes slip. We observe that deep moonquakes slip in a variety of different directions, which can only be caused by tidal stresses. Since these deep moonquakes are generated by the tides, this observation reveals that tectonic stresses in the lunar interior must be smaller than 0.1 MPa.
Key Points
We examine why some moonquakes appear to slip in the opposite direction from the others
Using moonquake waveforms, we infer that slip direction changes through time because of tidal loading
The results indicate that the tidal stress, with magnitude 0.1 MPa, is larger than the tectonic stress
The term “effective,” on its own, is honorific but vague. Interventions against serious mental illness may be “effective” at goals as diverse as reducing “apparent sadness” or providing housing. ...Underexamined use of “effective” and other success terms often obfuscates differences and incompatibilities in interventions, degrees of effectiveness, key omissions in effectiveness standards, and values involved in determining what counts as “effective.” Yet vague use of such success terms is common in the research, clinical, and policy realms, with consequences that negatively affect the care offered to individuals experiencing serious mental illness. A pragmatist-oriented solution to these problems suggests that when people use success terms, they need to explain and defend the goals and supporting values embedded in the terms, asking and answering the questions, “Effective
at what
?
For whom
?
How
effective? And
why that goal
?” Practical and epistemic standards for effectiveness will likely remain plural for good reasons, but each standard should be well explained and well justified.
Si-enriched coatings form on the surface of silicate minerals under acidic conditions. Although they are often only a few nanometers thick, their large specific surface area may control the ...interaction between silicate minerals in acidic soils, aquifers, and mine tailings. Micrometer thick, hydrous-silica coatings occur on the surface of a granite outcrop in contact with acidic pond water at the Coppercliff mine-tailings area in the Greater City of Sudbury, Ontario, and are ideal to study the concentration and speciation of metals and metalloids inside Si-enriched coatings. These coatings have higher average concentrations of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb than coatings composed of schwertmannite, Fe8O8(OH)4.4(SO4)1.8 (H2O)8.4. Microscopic and spectroscopic examination of the hydrous-silica coating indicates the occurrence of Fe- and Cu-Zn-oxy-hydroxide particles, tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+ and a high proportion of M−O−Si bonds (M = metal). These observations suggest that metals occur either finely distributed in the hydrous-silica matrix or in oxy-hydroxide particles. The latter particles are products of the diffusion of metals into the hydrous silica and the subsequent nucleation of oxy-hydroxide phases.
The distribution of bond lengths in (V3+O6) polyhedra shows a maximum between 1.98 and 2.04 Å, and limits of 1.88 and 2.16 Å, respectively. The bond lengths in (V4+O n ) and (V5+O n ) (n = 5, 6) ...polyhedra show distinct populations which allow us to define the following types of bonds: (1a) vanadyl bonds in (V4+O n ) polyhedra, shorter than 1.74 Å; (1b) vanadyl bonds in (V5+O5) polyhedra, shorter than 1.76 Å; (1c) vanadyl bonds in (V5+O6) polyhedra, shorter than 1.74 Å; (2a) equatorial bonds in (V4+O n ) polyhedra, in the range 1.90 to 2.12 Å; (2b) equatorial bonds in (V5+O5) polyhedra, longer than 1.76 Å; (2c) equatorial bonds in (V5+O6) polyhedra with one vanadyl bond, in the range 1.74 to 2.10 Å; (2d) equatorial bonds in (V5+O6) polyhedra with two vanadyl bonds, in the range 1.80 to 2.00 Å; (3a) trans bonds in (V4+O6) polyhedra, longer than 2.10 Å; (3b) trans bonds in (V5+O6) polyhedra with one vanadyl bond, longer than 2.15 Å; (3c) trans bonds in (V5+O6) polyhedra with two vanadyl bonds, longer than 2.025 Å. The average equatorial bond length in (V4+O n ) and (V5+O n ) polyhedra can be used to calculate the mean valence state of V in mixed-valent structures. We define characteristic bond valences for vanadyl, equatorial, and trans bonds in different coordinations and examine which binary linkages are possible and which linkages occur in minerals and synthetic compounds. Here, V5+−O−V5+, V5+−O−V4+, and V4+−O−V4+ linkages between vanadyl−trans and equatorial−equatorial bonds occur often in synthetic compounds, whereas the corresponding V4+−O−V4+ linkages are rare in minerals.
Far-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction Rietveld structure refinement for the hydrothermal synthetic muscovite series, (a) KAl3(Si3-y Gey)O10(OH,OD)2, (b) KGa3(Si3-y Gey)O10(OH,OD)2, ...and (c) K(Al3-x Gax)Ge3O10(OH,OD)2, where x=0.0-3.0, y=0.0-3.0, and the muscovite-tobelite series, (d) K1-A(NH4,ND4)AAl3Si3O10(OH,OD)2, where A=0.0-1.0, indicate that there is a complete solid-solution in each series. In the 200-50 cm-1 far-infrared region, four kinds of bands are observed: two bands due to octahedral deformation coupled with OH deformational vibrations between 240 and 130 cm-1, an in-plane tetrahedral torsional band between 175 and 130 cm-1, an interlayer I-Oinner stretching band, and an I-Oouter stretching band. The weak and broad 140 cm-1 band is assigned to K-Oinner stretching and the strong broad 110 cm-1 band to K-Oouter stretching in muscovite. The broad 175 cm-1 band is (NH4/ND4)-Oinner stretching and the 140 cm-1 broad strong band is (NH4/ND4)-Oouter stretching in tobelite. With increasing Ga→Al substitution, the I-Oinner and I-Oouter stretching bands shift to lower frequency, while with increasing Ge→Si substitution, the I-Oinner stretching band shifts to higher frequency; the I-Oouter stretching bands do not change as a function of composition.
Calcium Looping (CaL) in a Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB), utilizing a carbonator and a regenerator, is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology currently under development. At IFK, University of ...Stuttgart, a 10kWth CaL DFB system has been built consisting of a carbonator riser and a Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) regenerator. A major novelty of this facility is the implementation of a cone valve to control the sorbent looping rate between the two beds. This study presents detailed results of tests conducted on a hydrodynamically scaled cold model of the 10kWth CaL DFB facility. The performance of the cold model was compared with CaL process boundary conditions in order to determine the suitability of the 10kWth CaL DFB system. The resulting qualitative conclusions regarding DFB hydrodynamics may be of aid to other DFB processes, such as Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) and Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed (FICFB) gasification. All important operational parameters of the cold model DFB system, namely the Total Solid Inventory (TSI), riser superficial velocity, loop seal aeration, BFB overpressure, cone valve opening and mean particle size were varied in order to fully characterize the DFB operation. A stable operating region, bordered by two unstable regions, has been identified for the cold model riser. The cold model riser pressure drop profile, solid fraction profile, solid flow structure and their variation with respect to operational parameters have been analyzed in order to draw conclusions regarding axial inventory allocation and gas-solid contacting which are important criteria for the CFB carbonator's CO2 capture efficiency. Finally, empirical correlations regarding the cold model riser entrainment and the solid looping rate have been derived. Calcium Looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture process. A hydrodynamically scaled cold model of a 10kWth Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB) system has been operated to validate the design concept. Carbonator pressure drop, solid fraction profiles and solid looping rate variation with operational parameters have been determined. All required process boundary conditions have been fulfilled through cold model operation.
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