Deep brain temperature detection by hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) has been proposed to provide feedback information relevant for thermoregulation. WSNs increase their action potential ...firing rates upon warming, a property that has been presumed to rely on the composition of thermosensitive ion channels within WSNs. Here, we describe a synaptic mechanism that regulates temperature sensitivity of preoptic WSNs and body temperature. Experimentally induced warming of the mouse hypothalamic preoptic area in vivo triggers body cooling. TRPM2 ion channels facilitate this homeostatic response and, at the cellular level, enhance temperature responses of WSNs, thereby linking WSN function with thermoregulation for the first time. Rather than acting within WSNs, we—unexpectedly—find TRPM2 to temperature-dependently increase synaptic drive onto WSNs by disinhibition. Our data emphasize a network-based interoceptive paradigm that likely plays a key role in encoding body temperature and that may facilitate integration of diverse inputs into thermoregulatory pathways.
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•Temperature in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) tracks body temperature in mice•TRPM2 participates in warmth detection in the POA in vivo•Presynaptic TRPM2 detects temperature increases to activate warm-sensitive neurons•Warming enhances inhibitory transmitter release via TRPM2 to mediate disinhibition
Kamm, Boffi, et al. found that the ion channel TRPM2 mediates detection of warm temperatures in the mouse hypothalamus. Specifically, TRPM2 enhances the thermosensitivity of hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) via a presynaptic mechanism. This study highlights the role of WSNs and TRPM2 in body temperature homeostasis under hot environments.
Materiales de desecho y resignificación Henao santa, Juan David; Ibarra-Vargas, Sara B.
Producción + limpia (En línea),
02/2021, Letnik:
15, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Introducción: Los materiales de desecho pueden ser una alternativa para el aprovechamiento y transformación de elementos de uso diario, con el uso de metodologías de diseño y la clasificación de ...materiales provenientes de diferentes sectores de la industria que pueden ser aprovechados por sus características estético-formales, para alargar su ciclo de vida. Objetivo: Encontrar materiales de desecho en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá que puedan ser aprovechados para el diseño en el sector moda, se elaboró una investigación donde se analizaron potenciales aprovechamientos de materias primas para ser resignificadas a partir de elementos de desecho y desuso, para esto se visitaron 10 empresas dedicadas a la reconexión de materiales reciclables, se recopiló información como imágenes y datos en las visitas. Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó una metodología de corte cualitativo y experimental, donde se registró, sistematizó y caracterizó el material encontrado con la Rueda de LiDs, identificando los cuatro materiales con mayores cantidades reportadas en el mapeo de la información, con los resultados, se elaboraron talleres de creación con materiales provenientes del sector textil para generar propuestas experimentales con este tipo de materiales. Resultados: En total, se registraron 76 materiales, pertenecientes a 6 sectores productivos. Los principales materiales encontrados fueron PET, papel/ cartón, metales ferrosos y no ferrosos. Analizando los cuatro residuos más representativos del sector textil, se pudo reconocer que estos materiales representan un gran potencial de resignificación para reconcebir nuevos objetos de moda, evidenciado en los resultados de los laboratorios experimentales desarrollados. Conclusiones: A través de la exploración de materiales y prácticas de diseño, es posible recuperar estos elementos con procesos tradicionales de transformación y fabricación en la creación de nuevos productos, además proponer la parametrización de piezas estandarizadas basadas en patrones de elementos en la investigación de la Industria 4.0
In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal ...impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults.
Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults.
There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 54·5–65·7 per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 48·8–57·9 per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 12·9–15·6 per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 12·6–14·8 per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally.
Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute.
Better evaluation of existing health programmes, appropriate policy making against emerging health threats, and reducing inequalities in Iran rely on a comprehensive national and subnational ...breakdown of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.
In this systematic analysis, we present the national and subnational estimates of the burden of disease in Iran using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We report trends in demographics, all-cause and cause-specific mortality, as well as years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by major diseases and risk factors. A multi-intervention segmented-regression model was used to explore the overall impact of health sector changes and sanctions. For this analysis, we used a variety of sources and reports, including vital registration, census, and survey data to provide estimates of mortality and morbidity at the national and subnational level in Iran.
Iran, which had 84·3 million inhabitants in 2019, had a life expectancy of 79·6 years (95% uncertainty interval 79·2–79·9) in female individuals and 76·1 (75·6–76·5) in male individuals, an increase compared with 1990. The number of DALYs remained stable and reached 19·8 million (17·3–22·6) in 2019, of which 78·1% were caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) compared with 43·0% in 1990. During the study period, age-standardised DALY rates and YLL rates decreased considerably; however, YLDs remained nearly constant. The share of age-standardised YLDs contributing to the DALY rate steadily increased to 44·5% by 2019. With regard to the DALY rates of different provinces, inequalities were decreasing. From 1990 to 2019, although the number of DALYs attributed to all risk factors decreased by 16·8%, deaths attributable to all risk factors substantially grew by 43·8%. The regression results revealed a significant negative association between sanctions and health status.
The Iranian health-care system is encountering NCDs as its new challenge, which necessitates a coordinated multisectoral approach. Although the Iranian health-care system has been successful to some extent in controlling mortality, it has overlooked the burden of morbidity and need for rehabilitation. We did not capture alleviation of the burden of diseases in Iran following the 2004 and 2014 health sector reforms; however, the sanctions were associated with deaths of Iranians caused by NCDs.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Summary Background The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) ...between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. Methods We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990–2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. Findings 292 982 (95% UI 261 017–327 792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376 034 (343 483–407 574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was −0·3% (–1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and −2·7% (–3·9 to −1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290–2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2–0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1–1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6–3·6) in Iceland. Interpretation Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Assessing caffeine exposure in pregnant women Boylan, Sinead M.; Cade, Janet E.; Kirk, Sara F. L. ...
British journal of nutrition,
10/2008, Letnik:
100, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Studies on the effects of caffeine on health, while numerous, have produced inconsistent results. One of the most uncertain and controversial effects is on pregnancy outcome. Studies have produced ...conflicting results due to a number of methodological variations. The major challenge is the accurate assessment of caffeine intake. The aim of the present study was to explore different methods of assessing caffeine exposure in pregnant women. Twenty-four healthy pregnant women from the UK city of Leeds completed both a detailed questionnaire, the caffeine assessment tool (CAT) designed specifically to assess caffeine intake and a prospective 3 d food and drink diary. The women also provided nine saliva samples over two consecutive days for estimation of caffeine and a metabolite (paraxanthine). Caffeine intakes from the CAT and diary showed adequate agreement (intra-class correlation coefficient of 0·5). For saliva caffeine and paraxanthine measures, the between-sample variation (within the same woman) was greater than between-woman and between-day variation. However, there was still adequate agreement between these measures and the CAT. The CAT is a valuable tool that is now being used in a large prospective study investigating caffeine's role in pregnancy outcome.
Introducción: El sistema transobturatriz para la corrección de los prolapsos de la pared anterior de la vagina ejemplifica la tendencia actual de la cirugía del suelo pélvico. Puede ser considerado ...como una vía de abordaje y como un sistema de fijación de la malla, de forma contrapuesta a las mallas utilizadas para la corrección del cistocele que pueden dejarse libres en un intento de corregir el prolapso mediante la creación de un tejido fibrótico secundario a la colocación de la malla (biológica o sintética). Objetivo: Describir los elementos que componen el sistema Avaulta anterior, sus indicaciones y la técnica quirúrgica mediante la que se implanta y ajusta adecuadamente. Métodos: El método quirúrgico consta de cinco pasos: 1º) incisión vaginal media y disección de la mucosa vaginal, 2º) Identificación del agujero obturador, diseño y realización de dos mini-incisiones superiores en ambos pliegues genitofemorales y otras dos ubicadas a 3 cm por debajo y a 1-2 cms laterales a las primeras, 3º) Introducción y paso de las agujas, pasando por la parte superior del agujero obturador, paralelas a la rama isquiopubiana y una vez pasada se enhebra la aguja con el "brazo" del implante, 4º) Introducción y paso de las agujas por las mini-incisiones inferiores, pasando por la parte inferior del agujero obturador en sentido vertical y dirigiendo la aguja con control bimanual hacia la teórica localización del cuello uterino, con conexión y enhebrado del brazo inferior de la malla sobre la aguja de punción y 5º) Ajuste sin tensión de la malla y cierre de las incisiones vaginal e inguinales. Conclusiones: 1. Se trata de una técnica reproducible que permite corregir adecuadamente los defectos del compartimento anterior vaginal. 2. El diseño y tecnología de Avaulta pretende corregir los defectos del compartimento anterior, basándose en los principios de la malla ideal.
Vertebral fractures due to osteoporosis are a potential complication of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To date, the incidence of vertebral fractures during ALL treatment has not been ...reported.
We prospectively evaluated 155 children with ALL during the first 12 months of leukemia therapy. Lateral thoracolumbar spine radiographs were obtained at baseline and 12 months. Vertebral bodies were assessed for incident vertebral fractures using the Genant semiquantitative method, and relevant clinical indices such as spine bone mineral density (BMD), back pain, and the presence of vertebral fractures at baseline were analyzed for association with incident vertebral fractures.
Of the 155 children, 25 (16%; 95% CI, 11% to 23%) had a total of 61 incident vertebral fractures, of which 32 (52%) were moderate or severe. Thirteen (52%) of the 25 children with incident vertebral fractures also had fractures at baseline. Vertebral fractures at baseline increased the odds of an incident fracture at 12 months by an odds ratio of 7.3 (95% CI, 2.3 to 23.1; P = .001). In addition, for every one standard deviation reduction in spine BMD Z-score at baseline, there was 1.8-fold increased odds of incident vertebral fracture at 12 months (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.7; P = .006).
Children with ALL have a high incidence of vertebral fractures after 12 months of chemotherapy, and the presence of vertebral fractures and reductions in spine BMD Z-scores at baseline are highly associated clinical features.
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