We developed a new emission inventory for Asia (Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) Version 1.1) for the period 1980–2020. REAS is the first inventory to integrate historical, present, and ...future emissions in Asia on the basis of a consistent methodology. We present here emissions in 2000, historical emissions for 1980–2003, and projected emissions for 2010 and 2020 of SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) from fuel combustion and industrial sources. Total energy consumption in Asia more than doubled between 1980 and 2003, causing a rapid growth in Asian emissions, by 28% for BC, 30% for OC, 64% for CO, 108% for NMVOC, 119% for SO2, and 176% for NOx. In particular, Chinese NOx emissions showed a marked increase of 280% over 1980 levels, and growth in emissions since 2000 has been extremely high. These increases in China were mainly caused by increases in coal combustion in the power plants and industrial sectors. NMVOC emissions also rapidly increased because of growth in the use of automobiles, solvents, and paints. By contrast, BC, OC, and CO emissions in China showed decreasing trends from 1996 to 2000 because of a reduction in the use of biofuels and coal in the domestic and industry sectors. However, since 2000, Chinese emissions of these species have begun to increase. Thus, the emissions of air pollutants in Asian countries (especially China) showed large temporal variations from 1980–2003. Future emissions in 2010 and 2020 in Asian countries were projected by emission scenarios and from emissions in 2000. For China, we developed three emission scenarios: PSC (policy success case), REF (reference case), and PFC (policy failure case). In the 2020 REF scenario, Asian total emissions of SO2, NOx, and NMVOC were projected to increase substantially by 22%, 44%, and 99%, respectively, over 2000 levels. The 2020 REF scenario showed a modest increase in CO (12%), a lesser increase in BC (1%), and a slight decrease in OC (−5%) compared with 2000 levels. However, it should be noted that Asian total emissions are strongly influenced by the emission scenarios for China.
Aerosols emitted in densely populated and industrialized Indo-Gangetic Plain, one of the most polluted regions in the world, modulate regional climate, monsoon, and Himalayan glacier retreat. Thus, ...this region is important for understanding aerosol perturbations and their resulting impacts on atmospheric changes during COVID-19 lockdown period, a natural experimental condition created by the pandemic. By analyzing 5 years (2016–2020) data of aerosols and performing a radiative transfer calculation, we found that columnar and near-surface aerosol loadings decreased, leading to reductions in radiative cooling at the surface and top of the atmosphere and atmospheric warming during lockdown period. Further, satellite data analyses showed increases in cloud optical thickness and cloud-particle effective radius and decrease in lower tropospheric air temperature during lockdown period. These results indicate critical influences of COVID-19 lockdown on regional climate and water cycle over Indo-Gangetic Plain, emphasizing need for further studies from modeling perspectives.
Abstract To develop an effective neuroprotective strategy against ischemic injury, it is important to identify the key molecules involved in the progression of injury. Direct molecular analysis of ...tissue using mass spectrometry (MS) is a subject of much interest in the field of metabolomics. Most notably, imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) allows visualization of molecular distributions on the tissue surface. To understand lipid dynamics during ischemic injury, we performed IMS analysis on rat brain tissue sections with focal cerebral ischemia. Sprague–Dawley rats were sacrificed at 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and brain sections were prepared. IMS analyses were conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) in positive ion mode. To determine the molecular structures, the detected ions were subjected to tandem MS. The intensity counts of the ion signals of m/z 798.5 and m/z 760.5 that are revealed to be a phosphatidylcholine, PC (16:0/18:1) are reduced in the area of focal cerebral ischemia as compared to the normal cerebral area. In contrast, the signal of m/z 496.3, identified as a lyso-phosphatidylcholine, LPC (16:0), was clearly increased in the area of focal cerebral ischemia. In IMS analyses, changes of PC (16:0/18:1) and LPC (16:0) are observed beyond the border of the injured area. Together with previous reports—that PCs are hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) and produce LPCs,—our present results suggest that LPC (16:0) is generated during the injury process after cerebral ischemia, presumably via PLA2 activation, and that PC (16:0/18:1) is one of its precursor molecules.
To test the hypothesis that silicon (Si) confers resistance against appressorial penetration of the rice blast fungus, the proportion of appressorial penetration into the leaf epidermis to total ...appressoria formed was compared among rice plants amended with various rates of silica gel to those plants nonamended. The amounts of Si in the youngest leaves were consistent with the amounts of silica gel applied to the rice plants. Relative Si levels on the adaxial surface of leaves as detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis also increased with the amounts of silica gel applied. Based on light microscopic observation of the adaxial surface of rice leaves, the proportion of appressorial penetration was reduced by increasing amounts of silica gel applied and increased with the length of period after spray inoculation. Consequently, these results strongly support the hypothesis and suggest that Si in the leaf epidermis may confer resistance against appressorial penetration. Meanwhile, the number of lesions per leaf also decreased with the amount of Si applied, while only a certain part of penetrated appressoria could become sporulating susceptible lesions. This suggests that Si also confers physiological resistance against blast infection after the penetration.
Aerosol‐cloud interaction remains one of the least understood processes in climate science arena, despite its profound impacts in radiation and water budget perturbations. The aerosol effects on ...clouds largely depend on aerosol characteristics. Here, we implemented 17‐year (2003–2020) data set of aerosol, cloud, and meteorological factors collected over East Asia—a highly polluted region with recent decreasing trend of air pollution due to control measures—to elucidate atmospheric regime‐dependent aerosol effects on water cloud properties by simultaneously accessing the response of air pollution control measures in cloud field. The study found a very close relationship between aerosol loading and cloud properties modifications in the continental region of East Asia with a significant response of air pollution control measures in the cloud field. The study further revealed that aerosols of the polluted continental atmosphere affected cloud micro‐ and macro‐physics differently than aerosols of the clean maritime atmosphere: in the former, increased aerosol loading increased the stability under cloud base and then enhanced cloud droplet collision‐coalescence process, resulting to increase cloud droplet size by decreasing cloud top height; whereas in the latter, increased aerosol loading decreased cloud droplet size without notable influence in the atmosphere thermodynamics and cloud top height. This study further showed a complex aerosol‐cloud interaction process in the polluted maritime atmosphere due to the mixed effect of polluted continental and clean maritime atmospheres. In all atmospheric regimes, cloud fraction was found to increase with the increase of aerosol loading.
Plain Language Summary
Aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei to modify water cloud properties and then climate system and water cycle. At the same time, these aerosols scatter and absorb solar radiation, which can perturb atmospheric heating. Such change in the atmospheric heating can also play an important role in cloud properties modification. Because of such different routes, aerosol‐cloud interaction (ACI) remains one of the least understood topics in climate science. As ACI is strongly driven by aerosol property, it is important to investigate ACI process for different atmospheric backgrounds. This study analyzed a long‐term data of aerosol, cloud, and meteorological factors collected over East Asia, which is one of the major air pollution regions in the world, although air pollution is decreasing gradually in recent years. By analyzing data corresponding to different atmospheric regimes, we showed that aerosols of continental atmosphere can modify cloud micro‐ and macro‐physics by modifying atmospheric thermodynamics; whereas aerosols of maritime atmosphere are less capable to modify atmospheric thermodynamics, but they can decrease cloud droplet size. On the other hand, we found a complex ACI in polluted maritime atmosphere due to mixed effect of polluted continental and maritime atmospheric regimes.
Key Points
Continental aerosols of East Asia were noted to strongly modulate cloud properties in time series analyses
Increased aerosols of polluted continental atmosphere increased cloud droplet size by modulating atmospheric thermodynamics
Increased aerosols of clean maritime atmosphere decreased cloud droplet size without notable influence in atmospheric thermodynamics
Highlights • Imaging mass spectrometry can provide comprehensive and complementary information on neuronal cell. • Imaging mass spectrometry provided novel data on molecular changes in ...phosphatidylcholine after transient global ischemia. • Increased level of PC (diacyl-16:0/22:6) in hippocampal CA1 may represent an early step in delayed neuronal death mechanisms.
Genetic and epidemiologic evidence suggests that cellular energy homeostasis is critically associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Here we demonstrated that genetic deletion of Poly ...(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 completely blocked 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and related PD-like symptoms. Hyperactivation of PARP-1 depleted ATP pools in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, thereby activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Further, blockade of AMPK activation by viral infection with dominant-negative AMPK strongly inhibited DA neuronal atrophy with moderate suppression of nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inhibiting factor (AIF), whereas overactivation of AMPK conversely strengthened the 6-OHDA-induced DA neuronal degeneration. Collectively, these results suggest that manipulation of PARP-1 and AMPK signaling is an effective therapeutic approach to prevent PD-related DA neurodegeneration.
Highlights • The temporal distribution of phosphatidylcholine (PC) species in the L5 spinal cord was examined in an ALS mouse model. • PC (diacyl-16:0/22:6) expression was decreased in the L5 ...anterior horns of the spinal cord in the terminal stage. • Reductions of PC (diacyl-16:0/22:6) were associated with neuronal loss. • PC (diacyl-16:0/16:0) expression was preserved in the L5 posterior horns of the spinal cord in the terminal stage.
Highlights • MR16-1 treatment suppressed the infiltration by microglia/macrophage after SCI. • MR16-1 treatment increased locomotor function after SCI. • MR16-1 has multiple effects on lipids in the ...spinal cord at 1 week after SCI. • MR16-1 treatment influenced DHA-containing phosphatidylcholine at 1 week after SCI.
More than 90% of the glycolipid in mammalian testis consists of a unique sulfated glyceroglycolipid called seminolipid. The galactosylation of the molecule is catalyzed by UDP-galactose:ceramide ...galactosyltransferase (CGT). Disruption of the CGT gene in mice results in male infertility due to the arrest of spermatogenesis, indicating that seminolipid plays an important role in reproductive function. Seminolipid molecules can be assigned to different molecular species based on the fatty acid composition. In this report, we investigated the localizations of the molecular species of seminolipid by imaging mass spectrometry and demonstrated that major molecule (C16:0-alkyl-C16:0-acyl) was expressed throughout the tubules: some (C16:0-alkyl-C14:0-acyl and C14:0-alkyl-C16:0-acyl) were predominantly expressed in spermatocytes and the other (C17:0-alkyl-C16:0-acyl) was specifically expressed in spermatids and spermatozoa. This is the first report to show the cell-specific localization of each molecular species of seminolipid during testicular maturation.
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