The prevalence of diabetes in China is among the highest in the world. For this reason, findings from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used to calculate the burden of hyperglycaemia ...and diabetes in China.
Following the general analytical strategy used in GBD 2016, diabetes prevalence and mortality were analyzed by age and gender. Trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to diabetes were assessed in 33 province-level administrative units from 1990 to 2016, and similar data were provided for chronic kidney disease (CKD) related to diabetes and, as an overall summarizing measure, for hyperglycaemia expressed as high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG).
From 1990 to 2016, all-age prevalence of diabetes rose from 3.7% to 6.6%, and all-age diabetes and diabetes-related CKD mortality rates increased by 63.5% and 33.3%, respectively, with both rates increasing more rapidly in diabetes patients aged 15–49 years than in any other age groups. In 2016, HFPG became China's sixth leading cause of DALYs, and the attributable DALYs burden was 1802.3/100,000 population. Although the number of diabetes DALYs increased by 95% from 1990 to 2016, age-standardized diabetes DALYs rates increased by only 2.3%. Also, from 1990 to 2016, rates of age-standardized DALYs due to diabetes decreased in 14 provinces, but increased in 19 provinces. High BMI Scores and diets low in whole grains, nuts and seeds were the most important risk factors for diabetes in 2016.
Diabetes and hyperglycaemia constitute a huge health burden in China. The substantial increase in diabetes-related burden represents an ongoing challenge, given the rapidly ageing Chinese population. Thus, a targeted control and preventative strategy needs to be developed at risk factor level to reduce this burden.
N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDA-R) antagonists produce schizophrenia-like positive and negative symptoms in healthy human subjects. Preclinical research suggests that NMDA-R antagonists ...interfere with the function of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons and alter the brain oscillations. These changes have been hypothesized to contribute to psychosis. In this investigation, we evaluated the hypothesis that the NMDA-R antagonist ketamine produces alterations in cortical functional connectivity during rest that are related to symptoms. We administered ketamine to a primary sample of 22 subjects and to an additional, partially overlapping, sample of 12 subjects. Symptoms before and after the experimental session were rated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In the primary sample, functional connectivity was measured via functional magnetic resonance imaging almost immediately after infusion began. In the additional sample, this assessment was repeated after 45 min of continuous ketamine infusion. Global, enhanced functional connectivity was observed at both timepoints, and this hyperconnectivity was related to symptoms in a region-specific manner. This study supports the hypothesis that pathological increases in resting brain functional connectivity contribute to the emergence of positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
Both inflammatory processes and glutamatergic systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood-related disorders. However, the role of caspase-1, a classic inflammatory caspase, in ...behavioral responses to chronic stress remains largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of caspase-1 on preclinical murine models of depression. We found that loss of caspase-1 expression in Caspase-1
knockout mice alleviated chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors, whereas overexpression of caspase-1 in the hippocampus of wild-type (WT) mice was sufficient to induce depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, chronic stress reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission and decreased surface expression of glutamate receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of WT mice, but not Caspase-1
mice. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of caspase-1-interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling pathway prevented the depression-like behaviors and the decrease in surface expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) in stressed WT mice. Finally, the effects of chronic stress on both depression- and anxiety-like behaviors can be mimicked by exogenous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of IL-1β in both WT and Caspase-1
mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that an increase in the caspase-1/IL-1β axis facilitates AMPAR internalization in the hippocampus, which dysregulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission, eventually resulting in depression-like behaviors. These results may represent an endophenotype for chronic stress-induced depression.
Nanostructured soft materials open up new opportunities in material design and application, and block copolymer self-assembly is one particularly powerful phenomenon that can be exploited for their ...synthesis. The advent of controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) has greatly simplified block copolymer synthesis, and versatility towards monomer types and polymer architectures across the different forms of CLRP has vastly expanded the range of functional materials accessible. CLRP-controlled synthesis of block copolymers has been applied in heterogeneous systems, motivated by the numerous process advantages and the position of emulsion polymerisation at the forefront of industrial latex synthesis. In addition to the inherent environmental advantages of heterogeneous routes, the incidence of block copolymer self-assembly within dispersed particles during polymerisation leads to novel nanostructured materials that offer enticing prospects for entirely new applications of block copolymers. Here, we review the range of block copolymers prepared by heterogeneous CLRP techniques, evaluate the methods applied to maximise purity of the products, and summarise the unique nanoscale morphologies resulting from
in situ
self-assembly, before discussing future opportunities within the field.
We review the range of CLRP-controlled syntheses of block copolymer particles in dispersed systems, which are being exploited to create new opportunities for the design of nanostructured soft materials.
We fabricate transistors from chemical vapor deposition-grown monolayer MoS2 crystals and demonstrate excellent current saturation at large drain voltages (V d). The low-field characteristics of ...these devices indicate that the electron mobility is likely limited by scattering from charged impurities. The current–voltage characteristics exhibit variable range hopping at low V d and evidence of velocity saturation at higher V d. This work confirms the excellent potential of MoS2 as a possible channel-replacement material and highlights the role of multiple transport phenomena in governing its transistor action.
Laser shock processing as a novel surface treatment technology, induces compressive residual stresses generation and microstructural transformation. However, compressive residual stresses will be ...relaxed under fatigue related conditions or elevated temperature conditions. Thus, we focus on the microstructural transformation especially surface nanocrystallization after LSP process. In this paper, the two typical alloys of TC6 titanium alloy and AISI 304 stainless steel were taken to study the surface nanocrystallization process, and the surface microstructures were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The experiment results showed that nanostructure was formed in the surface layer with adequate laser parameters. In addition, we found that the more shock impacts or larger laser energy injected, the higher grain refinement degree was generated. Finally, surface nanocrystallization mechanisms of the two metallic alloys and the effects of different stacking fault energy on surface nanocrystallization were discussed in detail.
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•Surface nanostructure were realized in TC6 titanium alloy and AISI 304 stainless steel by ultra-high strain rate plastic deformation induced by LSP.•Surface nanocrystallization mechanisms of TC6 titanium alloy and AISI 304 stainless steel subjected to LSP and their difference were discussed.•The effects of stacking fault energy on surface nanocrystallization induced by LSP were summarized and discussed.
The explicit form for the post-Newtonian gravitational time delay of light signals propagating on the equatorial plane of a Kerr-Newman black hole is derived. Based on the null geodesic in ...Kerr-Newman spacetime, we adopt the iterative method to calculate the time delay. Our result reduces to the previous formulation for the Kerr black hole if we drop the contribution from the electrical charge. Our time-delay formula for the Reissner-Nordstrom geometry is different from the previous publication Phys. Rev. D 69, 023002 (2004), in which the largest second order contribution to the time delay is missing.
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