Paddy soils make up the largest anthropogenic wetlands on earth, and are characterized by a prominent potential for organic carbon (C) sequestration. By quantifying the plant‐ and microbial‐derived C ...in soils across four climate zones, we identified that organic C accrual is achieved via contrasting pathways in paddy and upland soils. Paddies are 39%–127% more efficient in soil organic C (SOC) sequestration than their adjacent upland counterparts, with greater differences in warmer than cooler climates. Upland soils are more replenished by microbial‐derived C, whereas paddy soils are enriched with a greater proportion of plant‐derived C, because of the retarded microbial decomposition under anaerobic conditions induced by the flooding of paddies. Under both land‐use types, the maximal contribution of plant residues to SOC is at intermediate mean annual temperature (15–20°C), neutral soil (pH~7.3), and low clay/sand ratio. By contrast, high temperature (~24°C), low soil pH (~5), and large clay/sand ratio are favorable for strengthening the contribution of microbial necromass. The greater contribution of microbial necromass to SOC in waterlogged paddies in warmer climates is likely due to the fast anabolism from bacteria, whereas fungi are unlikely to be involved as they are aerobic. In the scenario of land‐use conversion from paddy to upland, a total of 504 Tg C may be lost as CO2 from paddy soils (0–15 cm) solely in eastern China, with 90% released from the less protected plant‐derived C. Hence, preserving paddy systems and other anthropogenic wetlands and increasing their C storage through sustainable management are critical for maintaining global soil C stock and mitigating climate change.
We provide a framework to illustrate the pathways of soil organic carbon (C) formation in waterlogged paddy and well‐drained upland. Paddy soils are enriched with greater proportion of plant‐derived C, whereas upland soils are more replenished by microbial‐derived C. Although the pool size of soil organic C in paddies is larger than their adjacent upland counterparts, the stored C in paddies is less stable than that in uplands and can be prone to loss under changing land use
Altitudinally-defined climate conditions provide specific vegetation types and soil environments that could influence soil microbial communities, which in turn may affect microbial residues. However, ...the knowledge is limited in terms of the degree to which microbial communities and residues present and differ along altitude. In this study, we examined the soil microbial communities and residues along the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, China using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and amino sugar analysis, respectively. Soil samples were taken from five different vegetation belts defined by climates. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed substantial differences in soil microbial community composition among study sites, appeared to be driven primarily by soil pH and C/N ratio on the first principal component (PC1) which accounted for 50.7% of the total sample variance. The alpine tundra was separated from forest sites on the second principal component (PC2) by a signifiscantly higher amount of fungal PLFA (18:2ω6,9). Soil pH and C/N ratio were also correlated with the ratios of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria (Gm(+)/Gm(-)), glucosamine to galactosamine (GluN/GalN), and glucosamine to muramic acid (GluN/MurA). Both total PLFAs and amino sugars were positively correlated with soil organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium. We concluded that soil pH and C/N ratio were the most important drivers for microbial community structure and amino sugar pattern, while substrate availability was of great importance in determining the concentrations of microbial communities and residues. These findings could be used to facilitate interpretation of soil microbial community and amino sugar data derived from measurements in latitude or managed forests.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Schizophrenia is correlated with aberrant cytokine concentrations. The goal of our study was to detect the serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-18, and IL-6 ...concentrations in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the acute relapse state at admission and at discharge and to analyze the correlations between the three cytokine concentrations with psychosis symptoms.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-6 in 68 patients with chronic schizophrenia at admission and at discharge and in 80 controls. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to analyze psychosis symptoms of the patients.
Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-6 in patients at admission were significantly elevated compared to those in controls. After treatment, IL-6 concentrations in patients at discharge were significantly reduced compared to those in patients at admission, and IL-6 concentrations showed no significant difference between patients at discharge and controls. In contrast, TNF-α and IL-18 concentrations showed no significant difference between patients at discharge and patients at admission, and TNF-α and IL-18 concentrations in patients at discharge were still significantly elevated compared to those in controls. IL-6 concentrations in patients at admission showed a positive correlation with negative scores, and IL-6 concentrations in patients at discharge showed positive correlations with positive, negative, and total scores. Reduction in IL-6 concentrations showed positive correlations with reduction in positive, negative, and total scores in patients at discharge.
Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-6 were significantly elevated in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the acute relapse state. After treatment, IL-6 concentrations in patients at discharge were significantly reduced compared to these in patients at admission.
•Elevated serum IL-6 levels in patients at admission.•Decreased serum IL-6 levels in patients at discharge.•A positive correlation between decreases in IL-6 levels and in PNASS P subscore•A positive correlation between decreases in IL-6 levels and in PNASS N subscore•A positive correlation between decreases in IL-6 levels and in PNASS total score
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► NaZSM-5 treated by phosphoric acid was used as support to prepare TiO2/HZSM-5. ► The effects of phosphoric acid concentration and TiO2 content were investigated. ► The ...TiO2/0.5HZSM-5 had much improved photocatalytic activity than pure TiO2.
NaZSM-5 zeolite was modified by phosphoric acid and a sol–gel method was used to prepare the supported TiO2/HZSM-5. The composite photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, FT-IR and XPS measurements. The TiO2 existed as anatase phase in both pure TiO2 and supported TiO2/ZSM-5. The TiO2 crystallite size became smaller after loading TiO2 on the zeolite. The surface areas of the composite 50%TiO2/χHZSM-5 were much higher than that of pure TiO2, while the surface areas of the composites decreased with increasing TiO2 loading contents. The TiO2/0.5HZSM-5 composites had higher photocatalytic activity than the pure TiO2. The maximum degradation rate was 49.7% on the 50%TiO2/0.5HZSM-5 using the support of 0.5HZSM-5 which was treated with 0.5mol/L phosphoric acid. Nearly all of the absorption peaks of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B disappeared after 2h of degradation on 50%TiO2/0.5HZSM-5.
To explore the efficacy and safety of venetoclax-based combination therapy for older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of ...clinical trials comparing venetoclax plus hypomethylating agents (HMAs) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) with mono-HMAs or LDAC. The random or fixed effects model was applied to the studies based on heterogeneity. Dichotomous data were summarized using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Continuous variable data were reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs).
Nine studies, including a total of 1232 patients, were included in this meta-analysis. Thec complete remission (CR)/complete remission with incomplete hematological recovery (CRi) rate of the venetoclax (Ven) + azacytidine (Aza) group was significantly greater than that of the Aza monotherapy group (RR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.85-3.15;
< 0.001). Similarly, the CR/CRi rate of the Ven + LDAC group was also significantly greater than that of the LDAC monotherapy group (RR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.58-4.17;
= 0.00). The same results were observed for OS among these groups. However, the incidence of febrile neutropenia was greater in the Ven + Aza group than in the Ven + Decitabine (Dec) or monotherapy Aza group (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53-0.90;
= 0.006 and RR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.58-3.03;
< 0.001, respectively). In addition, the Ven + LDAC group had significantly greater rates of constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting than the LDAC monotherapy group, with RRs and CIs of 0.61 (95% CI 0.44-0.83,
= 0.002), 1.81 (95% CI 1.22-2.67,
= 0.003), 1.39 (95% CI 1.06-1.82,
= 0.016), and 1.80 (95% CI 1.19-2.72,
= 0.005), respectively.
Venetoclax combined with azacitidine, decitabine, or LDAC significantly improved the CR/CRi and OS of patients with previously untreated AML. However, venetoclax plus azacitidine or LDAC was more likely to lead to increased febrile neutropenia and gastrointestinal toxicity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The whitening and loss of brown adipose tissue (BAT) during obesity and aging promote metabolic disorders and related diseases. The imbalance of Ca
homeostasis accounts for the dysfunction and ...clearance of mitochondria during BAT whitening. Capsaicin, a dietary factor activating TRPV1, can inhibit obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD), but whether capsaicin inhibits BAT loss and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we determined that the inhibitory effects of capsaicin on HFD-induced obesity and BAT whitening were dependent on the participation of SIRT3, a critical mitochondrial deacetylase. SIRT3 also mediated all of the beneficial effects of capsaicin on alleviating reactive oxygen species generation, elevating mitochondrial activity, and restricting mitochondrial calcium overload induced by HFD. Mechanistically, SIRT3 inhibits mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU)-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload by reducing the H3K27ac level on the MCU promoter in an AMPK-dependent manner. In addition, HFD also inhibits AMPK activity to reduce SIRT3 expression, which could be reversed by capsaicin. Capsaicin intervention also inhibited aging-induced BAT whitening through this mechanism. In conclusion, this study emphasizes a critical role of the AMPK/SIRT3 pathway in the maintenance of BAT morphology and function and suggests that intervention in this pathway may be an effective target for preventing obesity- or age-related metabolic diseases.
Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) contributes to the formation and maintenance of soil aggregates, it is however remains unclear whether long-term intensive manure amendments alter soil aggregates ...stability and whether GRSP regulates these changes. Based on a three-decade long fertilization experiment in northeast China, this study examined the impact of long-term manure input on soil organic carbon (SOC), total and easily extractable GRSP (GRSPt and GRSPe) and their respective allocations in four soil aggregates (>2000 μm; 2000-250 μm; 250-53 μm; and <53 μm). The treatments include no fertilization (CK), low and high manure amendment (M1, M2), chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK), and combined manure and chemical fertilizers (NPKM1, NPKM2). Though SOC, GRSPe and GRSPt in soil and SOC in each aggregate generally increased with increasing manure input, GRSPt and GRSPe in each aggregate showed varying changes with manure input. Both GRSP in macroaggregates (2000-250 μm) were significantly higher under low manure input, a pattern consistent with changes in soil aggregate stability. Constituting 38~49% of soil mass, macroaggregates likely contributed to the nonlinear changes of aggregate stability under manure amendments. The regulatory process of GRSP allocations in soil aggregates has important implications for manure management under intensive agriculture.
•N addition decreased soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biomass.•P and NP additions increased soil fungal to bacterial biomass ratio.•N addition decreased fungal residues in SOC and fungal to ...bacterial residues ratio.•P addition decreased soil fungal to bacterial residues ratio.•Enzyme activities and SOC showed minor changes under nutrient additions.
Microbial residue retention is critical for soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in forests. However, the changes in soil microbial residues under atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition in tropical forests remain unclear. Here, we measured soil phospholipid fatty acids, enzyme activity, and amino sugars (biomarkers of microbial residues) in a seven-year N and P addition experiment in a secondary tropical montane rainforest. Our results showed that five years of nutrient additions showed no significant effect on microbial community structure but the effect became significant at the seventh year. In N addition plots, a decrease in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biomass resulted in declines in the contribution of fungal residues to SOC and the ratio of fungal to bacterial residues. The fungi:bacteria ratio increased in P and N&P addition plots while the fungal residue:bacterial residue ratio was decreased by P addition, which may be related to an imbalance in microbial residue decomposition. Both extracellular enzyme activities and SOC showed minor changes under nutrient additions. Our results suggest that changes in microbial community structure and enzyme activity induced by N and P deposition may alter the accumulation and composition of microbial residues in SOC in N-rich tropical forests.
In this article, the authors focus on the effects of various metabolic traits on pelvic organ prolapse in women and their MR study provided genetic evidence for the causal role of waist-to-hip ratio ...(WHR) and waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI) in the risk of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) development. For phenotypes of obesity, the authors used sex combination instruments. Since pelvic organ prolapse is a female-specific disease, in theory, the female-specific instrumental variable effects should be obtained from the GWAS of exposures to avoid the problem of sex heterogeneity as well as the incorrect causal inference results. SEE PDF Consistent with the authors, our analysis revealed significant instrumental heterogeneity (P < 0.05). ...we used the random-effects IVW method with MR-PRESSO to remove outliers influenced by horizontal pleiotropy.
Manure application generally increases soil organic matter (SOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) content in soil. Free and occluded POM (fPOM and oPOM) can be quantified by combining density and ...ultrasonic dispersion approaches, but it remains unclear which fraction of POM is more responsive to manure application, and whether manure treated soils have a more pronounced effect on POM content than unmanured soils (no or chemical fertilizer treated soils). Because neutral sugars in POM can be attributed to either plant- or microbial-derived compounds, we analyzed the pattern and ratio of different neutral sugars to clarify effects of different fertilizations on quality of POM in a study over two decades. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from six fertilization treatments in a 25-year long fertilization experiment including no fertilizer (CK), low manure (M1), high manure (M2), chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK), and combined manure and chemical fertilizers (M1NPK, M2NPK). Our results showed that manure application generally led to higher organic carbon concentrations in bulk soil (M2NPK > M2 > M1NPK > M1 > CK > NPK), fPOM (M2NPK > M2 > M1 > M1NPK > NPK > CK) and oPOM (M1 > M2 > M1NPK > M2NPK > NPK > CK), respectively. As compared with unmanured treatments, manure amendments induced 48, 21 and 107% greater increases on average in neutral sugar concentrations in bulk soil, fPOM and oPOM, respectively. More plant-derived organic compounds were enriched in fPOM than oPOM and bulk soil, and the enrichment was more pronounced in manure treated soils than the unmanured soils. This study suggests that long-term use of manure enhanced microbial routing of specific monosaccharides into different POM fractions. Clearly, manure amendments improved labile SOM content and SOM quality in the Mollisol thus maintaining soil productivity over decades.
•Manure application increased neutral sugar concentrations in POM and bulk soil by 21–107% greater than unmanured soils.•Xylose and glucose were most responsive to manure application.•Manure application altered microbial routing of neutral sugars into different POM fractions.•Manure application maintained soil productivity in a Mollisol over decades.
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