Ultraviolet photodetectors (UV PDs) with “5S” (high sensitivity, high signal‐to‐noise ratio, excellent spectrum selectivity, fast speed, and great stability) have been proposed as promising ...optoelectronics in recent years. To realize high‐performance UV PDs, heterojunctions are created to form a built‐in electrical field for suppressing recombination of photogenerated carriers and promoting collection efficiency. In this progress report, the fundamental components of heterojunctions including UV response semiconductors and other materials functionalized with unique effects are discussed. Then, strategies of building PDs with lattice‐matched heterojunctions, van der Waals heterostructures, and other heterojunctions are summarized. Finally, several applications based on heterojunction/heterostructure UV PDs are discussed, compromising flexible photodetectors, logic gates, and image sensors. This work draws an outline of diverse materials as well as basic assembly methods applied in heterojunction/heterostructure UV PDs, which will help to bring about new possibilities and call for more efforts to unleash the potential of heterojunctions.
Heterojunction UV photodetectors with high responsivity and fast speed are an essential part of optoelectronics. This article summarizes recently developed sensitive materials applied in heterojunction UV photodetectors and different integration methods including lattice matching and van der Waals integration, as well as other heterojunctions. Several representative applications are also reviewed to provide a comprehensive insight.
Semiconductor‐based photodetectors (PDs) convert light signals into electrical signals via the photoelectric effect, which involves the generation, separation, and transportation of the photoinduced ...charge carriers, as well as the extraction of these charge carriers to external circuits. Because of their specific electronic and optoelectronic properties, metal oxide semiconductors are widely used building blocks in photoelectric devices. However, the compromise between enhancing the photoresponse and reducing the rise/decay times limits the practical applications of PDs based on metal oxide semiconductors. As the behaviors of the charge carriers play important roles in the photoelectric conversion process of these PDs, researchers have proposed several strategies, including modification of light absorption, design of novel PD heterostructures, construction of specific geometries, and adoption of specific electrode configurations to modulate the charge‐carrier behaviors and improve the photoelectric performance of related PDs. This review aims to introduce and summarize the latest researches on enhancing the photoelectric performance of PDs based on metal oxide semiconductors via charge‐carrier engineering, and proposes possible opportunities and directions for the future developments of these PDs in the last section.
Charge‐carrier engineering is frequently utilized to break the compromise between enhancing sensitivity and reducing response times in photodetectors based on metal oxide semiconductors. Various strategies aiming to modulate the behaviors of charge carriers and enhance the photoelectric performance are summarized, and possible trends for the future development of these photodetectors are proposed.
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have been a hot research topic due to their facile synthesis, excellent optical and optoelectronic properties, and record‐breaking efficiency of corresponding ...optoelectronic devices. Nowadays, the development of miniaturized high‐performance photodetectors (PDs) has been fueling the demand for novel photoactive materials, among which low‐dimensional MHPs have attracted burgeoning research interest. In this report, the synthesis, properties, photodetection performance, and stability of low‐dimensional MHPs, including 0D, 1D, 2D layered and nonlayered nanostructures, as well as their heterostructures are reviewed. Recent advances in the synthesis approaches of low‐dimensional MHPs are summarized and the key concepts for understanding the optical and optoelectronic properties related to the PD applications of low‐dimensional MHPs are introduced. More importantly, recent progress in novel PDs based on low‐dimensional MHPs is presented, and strategies for improving the performance and stability of perovskite PDs are highlighted. By discussing recent advances, strategies, and existing challenges, this progress report provides perspectives on low‐dimensional MHP‐based PDs in the future.
Photodetectors (PDs) based on low‐dimensional metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have attracted burgeoning interest for next‐generation optoelectronic applications. Recent advances in low‐dimensional MHP‐based PDs are summarized, including the synthesis, fundamental properties, performance, and stability issues. By discussing practical strategies and existing challenges, perspectives on low‐dimensional MHP PDs for improved future performance and stability are provided.
Encouraged by the increasing requirements of intelligent equipment, silicon integrated circuit–compatible photodetectors that support single‐chip photonic–electronic systems have gained considerable ...progresses. Advanced materials have resulted in enhanced device performance based on traditional photovoltaic effect and photoconductive effect, and novel device designs have catalyzed new working mechanisms combing rapid photoresponse and high responsivity gain. Surprising applications are developed using monolithic photonic–electronic platforms, and the developing integration strategies keep pace with the developing complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor techniques as well as nonsilicon substrates. Here, the recent developments in silicon‐compatible photodetectors, both in device advances and their integration routes, are reviewed. Meanwhile, the progresses, challenges, and possible future directions in this field are discussed and concluded.
Single‐chip photonic–electronic systems have catalyzed plenty of surprising applications, where silicon‐compatible photodetectors play an important role. Here, the recent advances in silicon‐compatible photodetectors as well as the integration strategies with electronic components are reviewed. Massive important progresses are achieved and potential future directions are discussed to develop the next‐generation monolithic photonic–electronic platforms.
A titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene is employed as an efficient solid support to host a nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) coordinated ruthenium single atom (RuSA) catalyst, which displays superior activity ...toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal the atomic dispersion of Ru on the Ti3C2Tx MXene support and the successful coordination of RuSA with the N and S species on the Ti3C2Tx MXene. The resultant RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 76 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, it is shown that integrating the RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst on n+np+‐Si photocathode enables photoelectrochemical hydrogen production with exceptionally high photocurrent density of 37.6 mA cm−2 that is higher than the reported precious Pt and other noble metals catalysts coupled to Si photocathodes. Density functional theory calculations suggest that RuSA coordinated with N and S sites on the Ti3C2Tx MXene support is the origin of this enhanced HER activity. This work would extend the possibility of using the MXene family as a solid support for the rational design of various single atom catalysts.
Ti3C2Tx MXene is demonstrated as a 2D solid support to host a ruthenium single atom (RuSA) catalyst for water splitting. The resultant RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst coupled with n+np+‐Si photocathode enables photoelectrochemical H2 production with exceptionally high photocurrent density of 37.6 mA cm−2 under AM 1.5G illumination.
Solar Hydrogen Li, Zhongxiao; Fang, Shi; Sun, Haiding ...
Advanced energy materials,
02/2023, Letnik:
13, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Hydrogen, produced through a zero‐pollution, sustainable, low‐cost, and high‐efficiency process, is regarded as the “ultimate energy” of the 21st century. Solar water‐splitting techniques have ...immense potential to make the idea a reality. Two promising approaches, photovoltaic‐electrolysis (PV‐EC) and photoelectrochemistry (PEC), have demonstrated solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency over 10%, which is the minimum required for competitively priced, large‐scale systems. Extensive studies of PV‐EC and PEC devices reported within the past five decades show increasing design complexity. To accurately describe the gap between laboratory research and practical application, the basic principles and concepts of PV‐EC and PEC are elaborated and clarified. The history of these developments is systematically summarized, and a comprehensive techno‐economic analysis of PV‐EC and PEC solar hydrogen production of 10 000 kg H2 day−1 is performed. The analysis shows that no solar hydrogen system is currently competitive with production methods based on fossil fuels, but the development of high‐efficiency water‐splitting electrolyzers with cost‐competitive components (especially for cation/anion exchange membranes) can accelerate progress.
Photovoltaic‐electrolysis (PV‐EC) and photoelectrochemistry (PEC) have immense potential to establish an economically competitive large‐scale green hydrogen production system pursued by the entire energy sector. This review systematically elaborates the fundamental principles and the development history of PEC and PV‐EC, and evaluates the techno‐economic analysis of the scale‐up applications, pointing out the current situation and future development direction for both technologies.
Organic–inorganic mixed halide perovskites have emerged as an excellent class of materials with a unique combination of optoelectronic properties, suitable for a plethora of applications ranging from ...solar cells to light‐emitting diodes and photoelectrochemical devices. Recent works have showcased hybrid perovskites for electronic applications through improvements in materials design, processing, and device stability. Herein, a comprehensive up‐to‐date review is presented on hybrid perovskite electronics with a focus on transistors and memories. These applications are supported by the fundamental material properties of hybrid perovskite semiconductors such as tunable bandgap, ambipolar charge transport, reasonable mobility, defect characteristics, and solution processability, which are highlighted first. Then, recent progresses on perovskite‐based transistors are reviewed, covering aspects of fabrication process, patterning techniques, contact engineering, 2D versus 3D material selection, and device performance. Furthermore, applications of perovskites in nonvolatile memories and artificial synaptic devices are presented. The ambient instability of hybrid perovskites and the strategies to tackle this bottleneck are also discussed. Finally, an outlook and opportunities to develop perovskite‐based electronics as a competitive and feasible technology are highlighted.
Organic–inorganic halide perovskites show high promise for electronic devices owing to exceptional electrical, optical, and structural properties. The latest breakthroughs in structural, interface, defect engineering, and pattering techniques as applied to halide perovskite transistors, memories and to improve stability issues in perovskites are reviewed. Lastly, the existing challenges and outline for future research directions are provided.
MXene, a new class of 2D materials, has gained significant attention owing to its attractive electrical conductivity, tunable work function, and metallic nature for wide range of applications. ...Herein, delaminated few layered Ti3C2Tx MXene contacted Si solar cells with a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ≈11.5% under AM1.5G illumination are demonstrated. The formation of an Ohmic junction of the metallic MXene to n+‐Si surface efficiently extracts the photogenerated electrons from n+np+‐Si, decreases the contact resistance, and suppresses the charge carrier recombination, giving rise to excellent open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density. The rapid thermal annealing process further improves the electrical contact between Ti3C2Tx MXene and n+‐Si surface by reducing sheet resistance, increasing electrical conductivity, and decreasing cell series resistance, thus leading to a remarkable improvement in fill factor and overall PCE. The work demonstrated here can be extended to other MXene compositions as potential electrodes for developing highly performing solar cells.
Delaminated few layered Ti3C2Tx MXene contacted Si solar cells with a maximum power conversion efficiency of ≈11.5% under AM1.5G illumination are achieved. The work demonstrated here can be extended to other members of the MXene family as potential electrodes for developing high performance solar cells.
Wearable electrochemical biosensors for sweat analysis present a promising means for noninvasive biomarker monitoring. However, sweat‐based sensing still poses several challenges, including easy ...degradation of enzymes and biomaterials with repeated testing, limited detection range and sensitivity of enzyme‐based biosensors caused by oxygen deficiency in sweat, and poor shelf life of sensors using all‐in‐one working electrodes patterned by traditional techniques (e.g., electrodeposition and screen printing). Herein, a stretchable, wearable, and modular multifunctional biosensor is developed, incorporating a novel MXene/Prussian blue (Ti3C2Tx/PB) composite designed for durable and sensitive detection of biomarkers (e.g., glucose and lactate) in sweat. A unique modular design enables a simple exchange of the specific sensing electrode to target the desired analytes. Furthermore, an implemented solid–liquid–air three‐phase interface design leads to superior sensor performance and stability. Typical electrochemical sensitivities of 35.3 µA mm−1 cm−2 for glucose and 11.4 µA mm−1 cm−2 for lactate are achieved using artificial sweat. During in vitro perspiration monitoring of human subjects, the physiochemistry signals (glucose and lactate level) can be measured simultaneously with high sensitivity and good repeatability. This approach represents an important step toward the realization of ultrasensitive enzymatic wearable biosensors for personalized health monitoring.
A stretchable, wearable, and modular multifunctional biosensor is developed, incorporating a novel MXene/Prussian blue (Ti3C2Tx/PB) composite designed for durable and sensitive detection of biomarkers in sweat. A unique modular design enables a simple exchange of the specific sensing electrode. This approach represents an important step toward the realization of ultrasensitive enzymatic wearable biosensors for personalized health monitoring.
The intriguing surface sensitivity of the single‐crystalline semiconductor nanowires offers tremendous opportunity in tuning the physical properties of nanophotonic and nanoelectronic devices for ...versatile applications. Particularly, in the pursuit of emerging photoelectrochemical (PEC)‐type devices, significant efforts have been devoted to understanding the charge transfer dynamics between the nanowires and the electrolyte. Here, a PEC‐type ultraviolet photodetector consisting of GaN p‐n junction nanowires as photoelectrodes is constructed. It is found that two competing charge transport processes at the nanowires’ surface as well as in the p‐n junction co‐determine the photoresponsive behavior of the device. Furthermore, the surface platinum (Pt) decoration has successfully tuned the charge transfer dynamics by enhancing the charge transport efficiency at the surface, resulting in a twenty‐fold increase of the photocurrent compared to the pristine GaN nanowires. Theoretical calculations reveal that the newly formed electronic states at the Pt/GaN interface account for the improved charge transfer at the surface, and the optimal hydrogen adsorption energy contributes to the boosted PEC reaction rate. The synergy of these two effects uncover the underlying mechanism of the high photoresponse of the constructed Pt/GaN‐nanowires‐based PEC photodetectors.
GaN nanowires are used as a photoelectrode to build a photoelectrochemical‐type ultraviolet photodetector. A new dynamic charge transfer behavior is discovered. The decoration of platinum nanoparticles boosts the charge transfer and chemical reactions at the GaN nanowires’ surface. The resulting photocurrent is improved by more than one order of magnitude.
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