Artificial intelligence has already proven to be a powerful tool to automate and improve how we deal with software development processes. The application of artificial intelligence to model-driven ...engineering projects is becoming more and more popular; however, within the model repair field, the use of this technique remains mostly an open challenge. In this paper, we explore some existing approaches in the field of AI-powered model repair. From the existing approaches in this field, we identify a series of challenges which the community needs to overcome. In addition, we present a number of research opportunities by taking inspiration from other fields which have successfully used artificial intelligence, such as code repair. Moreover, we discuss the connection between the existing approaches and the opportunities with the identified challenges. Finally, we present the outcomes of our experience of applying artificial intelligence to model repair.
A better understanding of how the spatial configuration of cities, understood as urban structure and forms, can achieve sustainable development is needed. This paper presents spatial data and an ...automated workflow for studying the urban structures (i.e., road and transportation networks) and forms (i.e., building size, position, function and density) of two medium-sized European cities - Bergen, Norway and Zürich, Switzerland. The data focuses on examining correlations between the densification patterns and transport energy usage of these cities de Koning et al., (2020). Spatial and tabular datasets for (i) urban structures, (ii) urban forms, (iii) building density, (iv) road centre lines and (v) transport energy usage are obtained as georeferenced files from OpenStreetMap (OSM) and upon request from collaborating local and national authorities. Transport energy data is derived from traffic data collected from the Norwegian Public Road Authorities or simulated via a traffic model. Open-source data is used wherever possible. Data gaps within proprietary data are supplemented with proxies or open-source data.
Hand-drawn axial maps drawn by the authors using the Space Syntax methods and analysed via depthmapX software are a crucial dataset presented here. All analysed data are then returned to a Geographical Information System (GIS) platform and processed via an automated workflow of 19 steps built via the ModelBuilderTM tool in ESRI® ArcGIS. The automated workflow allows for repetitive cross-city comparison and the compilation of diverse spatial data sources for analysis.
In combination with the novel workflow, the dataset can be used for future comparative studies in spatial planning, transport planning and management of energy systems to facilitate informed decision-making towards more sustainable developments.
Accurate estimation of Software Code Size is important for developing cost-efficient embedded systems. The Code Size affects the amount of system resources needed, like ROM and RAM memory, and ...processing capacity. In our previous work, we have estimated the Code Size based on CFP (COSMIC Function Points) within 15% accuracy, with the purpose of deciding how much ROM memory to fit into products with high cost pressure. Our manual CFP measurement process would require 2,5 man years to estimate the ROM size required in a typical car. In this paper, we want to investigate how the manual effort involved in estimation of Code Size can be minimized. We define a UML Profile capturing all information needed for estimation of Code Size, and develop a tool for automated estimation of Code Size based on CFP. A case study will show how UML models save manual effort in a realistic case.
Accurate estimation of Software Code Size is important for developing cost-efficient embedded systems. The Code Size affects the amount of system resources needed, like ROM and RAM memory, and ...processing capacity. In our previous work, we have estimated the Code Size based on CFP (COSMIC Function Points) within 15% accuracy, with the purpose of deciding how much ROM memory to fit into products with high cost pressure. Our manual CFP measurement process would require 2.5 man years to estimate the ROM size required in a typical car. In this paper, we want to investigate how the manual effort involved in estimation of Code Size can be minimized. We define a UML Profile capturing all information needed for estimation of Code Size, and develop a tool for automated estimation of Code Size based on CFP. A case study will show how UML models save manual effort in a realistic case.
In model-driven software engineering, models are used in all phases of the development process. These models must hold a high quality since the implementation of the systems they represent relies on ...them. Several existing tools reduce the burden of manually dealing with issues that affect models’ quality, such as syntax errors, model smells, and inadequate structures. However, these tools are often inflexible for customization and hard to extend. This paper presents a customizable and extensible model repair framework, PARMOREL, that enables users to deal with different issues in different types of models. The framework uses reinforcement learning to automatically find the best sequence of actions for repairing a broken model according to user preferences. As proof of concept, we repair syntactic errors in class diagrams taking into account a model distance metric and quality characteristics. In addition, we restore inter-model consistency between UML class and sequence diagrams while improving the coupling qualities of the sequence diagrams. Furthermore, we evaluate the approach on a large publicly available dataset and a set of real-world inspired models to show that PARMOREL can decide and pick the best solution to solve the issues present in the models to satisfy user preferences.
SLOC (Source Lines-Of-Code) has been used extensively as a Code Size Measure, and as input to parametric software cost and effort estimation tools. SLOC is obtained by measuring FP (Function Points) ...on the requirements and multiplying by the SLOC/FP ratio from similar projects. This is done even though several studies show large variations in this ratio, due to weak correlation between FP and SLOC. However, in our previous experiments we have obtained strong correlation between CFP (COSMIC Function Points) and Bytes compiled code as Code Size Measure. The experiments were conducted in the automotive industry using software components developed by GM (General Motors). In this paper we explain the reasons behind the strong correlation. The main reasons are that we apply the COSMIC method on software components of similar type, with a 1-to-1 mapping to COSMIC. A strong correlation between the Functional Size Measure and the Code Size Measure is required to obtain accurate Code Size estimation results. To estimate the Code Size before the software is available, is important both for Cost/Effort estimation and design of electronic hardware.
In order to increase the ability to build complex, software-intensive systems, as well as to decrease time-to-market for new functionality, automotive companies aim to scale agile methods beyond ...individual teams. This is challenging, given the specifics of automotive systems that are often safety-critical and consist of software, hardware, and mechanical components. In this article, we investigate the concrete reasons for scaling agility beyond teams, the strategies that support such scaling, and the foreseeable implications that such a drastic organizational change will entail. The investigation is based on a qualitative case study, with data from 20 semistructured interviews with managers and technical experts at two automotive companies. At the core of our findings are observations about establishing an agile vehicle-level feedback loop beyond individual teams. First, we find that automotive original equipment manufacturers aim to decrease the lead time of development. Second, we also identify seven strategies that aim to enable scaled-agile beyond teams. Finally, we extract six foreseeable implications and side effects of scaling agile beyond teams in automotive. By charting the landscape of expected benefits, strategies, and implications of scaling agile beyond teams in automotive, we enable further research and process improvements.
Team teaching is advocated in education to offer students multiple explanations to complex concepts and to improve teacher development. However, team teaching is typically associated with high staff ...cost due to the increased amount of teachers involved. The authors argue that team teaching can be conducted in a cheap way by including novice teaching assistants in the lectures and train them 'on the job'. Additionally, novice assistants cause reflection on action and prevent a mechanization of the course. The authors use Brookfield's four lenses to reflect on the application of team teaching in a Swedish undergraduate course on software modeling over three years, involving 3 teachers and collecting evaluation data from close to 400 students. The reflection shows that team teaching can be used as a cost-effective way to introduce novice teachers to a course, while at the same time receiving benefits from their participation in lectures and course development.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Digital fabrication tools such as 3D printers, computer-numerically controlled (CNC) milling machines, and laser cutters are becoming increasingly available, ranging from consumer to industrial ...versions. Recent studies have shown that users, ranging from researchers, to industry professionals, to hobbyists, are interested in modifying and changing the inherit workflows these tools provide. As an answer to this, these users are increasingly modifying and customizing their machines by changing the work envelope, adding different end-effectors, and creating their own fabrication workflows in software. However, customizing, modifying and creating digital fabrication machines and the workflows they provide require extensive knowledge within multiple different engineering domains and is non-trivial. In this article we present a model-driven approach that enables users to expand their digital fabrication scope by providing a high-level tool that facilitates the customization of fabrication tools. We present The Farbicatable Axis, a model that enables users to create customized linear actuators. The model takes high-level input parameters such as length and gearing-parameters, and outputs a CAD model of a linear motion axis consisting of
fabricatable
parts. We then present how instances of the Fabricatable Axis can be combined and used to design and implement Fabricatable Machines.
The automotive domain is living an extremely challenging historical moment shocked by many emerging business and technological needs. Electrification, autonomous driving, and connected cars are some ...of the driving needs in this changing world. Increasingly, vehicles are becoming software-intensive complex systems and most of the innovation within the automotive industry is based on electronics and software. Modern vehicles can have over 100 Electronic Control Units (ECUs), which are small computers, together executing gigabytes of software. ECUs are connected to each other through several networks within the car, and the car is increasingly connected with the outside world. These novelties ask for a change on how the software is engineered and produced and for a disruptive renovation of the electrical and software architecture of the car. In this paper we describe the current investigation of Volvo Cars to create an architecture framework able to cope with the complexity and needs of present and future vehicles. Specifically, we present scenarios that describe demands for the architectural framework and introduce three new viewpoints that need to be taken into account for future architectural decisions: Continuous Integration and Deployment, Ecosystem and Transparency, and car as a constituent of a System of Systems. Our results are based on a series of focus groups with experts in automotive engineering and architecture from different companies and universities.
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