Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 364 (2005) 433-442; Erratum-ibid. 370
(2006) 1055 We have compiled a new sample of 240 halo objects with accurate distance and
radial velocity measurements, including globular ...clusters, satellite galaxies,
field blue horizontal branch stars and red giant stars from the Spaghetti
survey. The new data lead to a significant increase in the number of known
objects for Galactocentric radii beyond 50 kpc, which allows a reliable
determination of the radial velocity dispersion profile out to very large
distances. The radial velocity dispersion shows an almost constant value of 120
km/s out to 30 kpc and then continuously declines down to 50 km/s at about 120
kpc. This fall-off puts important constraints on the density profile and total
mass of the dark matter halo of the Milky Way. For a constant velocity
anisotropy, the isothermal profile is ruled out, while both a dark halo
following a truncated flat model of mass $1.2^{+1.8}_{-0.5}\times 10^{12}$
M_sun and an NFW profile of mass $0.8^{+1.2}_{-0.2}\times 10^{12}$ M_sun and
c=18 are consistent with the data. The significant increase in the number of
tracers combined with the large extent of the region probed by these has
allowed a more precise determination of the Milky Way mass in comparison to
previous works. We also show how different assumptions for the velocity
anisotropy affect the performance of the mass models.
In terms of sanctions, the Law on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption adheres to a double track system, in the sense that in addition to criminal sanctions, it also contains civil ...sanctions, namely additional penalties in the form of payment of replacement money. So that the law enforcement of corruption in addition to being oriented to “follow the suspect” and “follow the money”, to recover state financial losses. The purpose of this research is to analyze the criminal urgency of paying replacement money in corruption crimes and to analyze the criteria for corruption crimes that can be imposed with additional criminal sanctions. This legal research is a prescriptive normative legal research, with a law approach and a concept approach, using primary and secondary legal materials. The results of this study, (a). The urgency of imposing a penalty for paying compensation is to recover state financial losses from corruption, in which case corruption involving state finances is an act that robs the community of socio-economic rights as stated in the 1945 Constitution, and the penalty for replacement money that has been paid by the convict can be used to “promote the general welfare”. (b). The criteria for imposing a substitute money penalty are: (1). the criminal act of corruption committed by the defendant has caused state financial losses; (2). The defendant has obtained property from the act of corruption he has committed; and (3). The defendant has not returned the state financial loss in the amount of the property he has obtained.
Astron.Astrophys. 459 (2006) 423 As part of the DART project we have used the ESO/2.2m Wide Field Imager in
conjunction with the VLT/FLAMES GIRAFFE spectrograph to study the detailed
properties of ...the resolved stellar population of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal
galaxy out to and beyond its tidal radius. We re-derived the structural
parameters of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal using our wide field imaging covering
the galaxy out to its tidal radius, and analysed the spatial distribution of
the Fornax stars of different ages as selected from Colour-Magnitude Diagram
analysis. We have obtained accurate velocities and metallicities from spectra
in the CaII triplet wavelength region for 562 Red Giant Branch stars which have
velocities consistent with membership in Fornax dwarf spheroidal. We have found
evidence for the presence of at least three distinct stellar components: a
young population (few 100 Myr old) concentrated in the centre of the galaxy,
visible as a Main Sequence in the Colour-Magnitude Diagram; an intermediate age
population (2-8 Gyr old); and an ancient population (> 10Gyr),which are
distinguishable from each other kinematically, from the metallicity
distribution and in the spatial distribution of stars found in the
Colour-Magnitude Diagram. From our spectroscopic analysis we find that the
``metal rich'' stars (Fe/H> -1.3) show a less extended and more concentrated
spatial distribution, and display a colder kinematics than the ``metal poor''
stars (Fe/H<-1.3). There is tentative evidence that the ancient stellar
population in the centre of Fornax does not exhibit equilibrium kinematics.
This could be a sign of a relatively recent accretion of external material.
We present a measure of the inclination of the velocity ellipsoid at 1 kpc below the Galactic plane using a sample of red clump giants from the RAVE DR2 release. We find that the velocity ellipsoid ...is tilted towards the Galactic plane with an inclination of 7.3 +/-1.8 degree. We compare this value to computed inclinations for two mass models of the Milky Way. We find that our measurement is consistent with a short scale length of the stellar disc (Rd ~2 kpc) if the dark halo is oblate or with a long scale length (Rd~3 kpc) if the dark halo is prolate. Once combined with independent constraints on the flattening of the halo, our measurement suggests that the scale length is approximately halfway between these two extreme values, with a preferred range 2.5-2.7 kpc for a nearly spherical halo. Nevertheless, no model can be clearly ruled out. With the continuation of the RAVE survey, it will be possible to provide a strong constraint on the mass distribution of the Milky Way using refined measurements of the orientation of the velocity ellipsoid.
Abstract
Bullying behaviour is present in the daily life of many adolescents, but research into the serious problems related to this behaviour is still scarce. The aim of this work was to investigate ...the putative associations of bullying behaviour with psychiatric disorders, substance use, suicidality and criminal offences in a sample of under-age adolescent inpatients in Northern Finland.
The epidemiologically unselected sample of 12-17-year-old inpatients in need of acute psychiatric hospitalization in a closed ward consisted of 508 adolescents admitted to Unit 70 in Oulu University Hospital during a defined 5-year period. These subjects were interviewed during their hospitalization using the diagnostic semi-structured Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL), to identify their psychiatric disorders in terms of DSM-IV and to obtain data on bullying behaviour, substance use, suicidality and somatic diseases. Data on possible criminal offences were extracted from the criminal records of the Finnish Legal Register Centre.
Being a bully and a bully-victim (i.e. a person who bullies others and is also bullied) increased the likelihood of externalizing disorders in general, and more specifically of conduct disorders, by over 14-fold in the boys and over 10-fold in the girls. Among the boys being a victim of bullying elevated the risk of internalizing disorders in general, and more specifically of anxiety disorders, by over 3-fold. Also, being a victim of bullying was statistically significantly associated with chronic somatic diseases (e.g. allergy, asthma and epilepsy), but only among the boys, the odds ratio (OR) being over 2-fold. Furthermore, being a bully increased the likelihood of substance-related disorders by over 2-fold in the boys and over 5-fold in the girls. In addition, examination of the use of substances of various types showed that being a bully increased the risk of regular daily smoking and alcohol use in both sexes and also led to more severe substance use such as cannabis and hard drugs among girls. Being a victim of bullying and bullying others both increased the risk of serious suicide attempts in the girls by over 2 and 3-fold respectively. Furthermore, bullying behaviour was also associated with violent crimes, but not with non-violent crimes, but psychiatric disorders were significant mediating factors in this association of bullying behaviour with criminality, however.
The findings imply that involvement in bullying behaviour is more likely to be a risk factor for inward-directed harmful behaviour than outward-directed aggression, and also suggest that victimized boys are in general more vulnerable than victimized girls, whereas bullying girls have more problems than bullying boys.
Tiivistelmä
Kiusaaminen on hyvin yleinen ilmiö nuorten keskuudessa, mutta siihen mahdollisesti liittyviä vakavia ongelmia on tutkittu vähän. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoitiin kiusaamiskäyttäytymisen yhteyttä mielenterveyshäiriöihin, itsetuhoisuuteen ja rikollisuuteen psykiatrisessa osastohoidossa olleiden alaikäisten nuorten keskuudessa. Kiusaamiskäyttäytymistermi kattaa sekä kiusaajien, kiusattujen että kiusaaja-kiusattujen toiminnan.
Tutkimusaineistoon kuului 508 12-17 -vuotiasta nuorta, jotka olivat hoidossa suljetulla psykiatrisella akuuttihoito-osastolla Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa 1.4.2001 ja 31.3.2006 välisenä aikana. Osastohoidon aikana nuoret tutkittiin käyttäen puolistrukturoitua K-SADS-PL -haastattelua, jonka avulla määritettiin nuorten mielenterveyshäiriöt DSM-IV -diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti ja saatiin tiedot nuorten kiusaamiskäyttäytymisestä, päihteiden käytöstä, itsetuhoisuudesta ja somaattisista sairauksista. Oikeusrekisterikeskuksen rikosrekisteristä saatiin tutkittavien rikosrekisteritiedot.
Tämä tutkimus osoitti, että nuorilla, jotka ovat kiusaajia tai kiusaaja-kiusattuja, on yli kymmenkertainen riski käytöshäiriöihin verrattuna nuoriin, jotka eivät ole osallistuneet kiusaamiskäyttäytymiseen. Kiusatuilla pojilla on yli kolminkertainen riski ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin. Lisäksi kiusatuksi joutuminen on pojilla yhteydessä kroonisiin somaattisiin sairauksiin kuten allergiaan, astmaan ja epilepsiaan. Tytöillä, jotka kiusaavat, on yli viisinkertainen riski päihdehäiriöihin. Pojilla, jotka kiusaavat, vastaava riski on kaksinkertainen. Molemmilla sukupuolilla toisten kiusaaminen on yhteydessä säännölliseen tupakointiin sekä alkoholin käyttöön ja tytöillä myös kannabiksen ja muiden huumeiden käyttöön. Tytöillä, jotka ovat kiusattuja tai kiusaavat, on yli kaksinkertainen riski vakaviin itsemurhayrityksiin. Lisäksi tämä tutkimus osoitti, että kiusaaminen on yhteydessä väkivaltarikollisuuteen, mutta tätä selittävät merkittävästi nuorten mielenterveyshäiriöt.
Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että nuorilla, jotka altistuvat kiusaamiskäyttäytymiselle, on muita suurempi riski itsensä vahingoittamiseen useilla eri tavoilla. Sen sijaan kiusaamisen ja toisiin kohdistuvan väkivallan yhteys on lievempi. Sukupuolten välisiä eroja tarkasteltaessa havaittiin, että haavoittuvaisimpia ovat kiusaavat tytöt ja kiusatut pojat.
We have used spectra of hot stars from the RAVE Survey in order to investigate the visibility and properties of five diffuse interstellar bands previously reported in the literature. The RAVE ...spectroscopic survey for Galactic structure and kinematics records CCD spectra covering the 8400-8800 Ang wavelength region at 7500 resolving power. The spectra are obtained with the UK Schmidt at the AAO, equipped with the 6dF multi-fiber positioner. The DIB at 8620.4 Ang is by far the strongest and cleanest of all DIBs occurring within the RAVE wavelength range, with no interference by underlying absorption stellar lines in hot stars. It correlates so tightly with reddening that it turns out to be a reliable tool to measure it, following the relation E(B-V) = 2.72 (+/- 0.03) x E.W.(Ang), valid throughout the general interstellar medium of our Galaxy. The presence of a DIB at 8648 Ang is confirmed. Its intensity appears unrelated to reddening, in agreement with scanty and preliminary reports available in the literature, and its measurability is strongly compromised by severe blending with underlying stellar HeI doublet at 8649 Ang. The two weak DIBS at 8531 and 8572 Ang do not appear real and should actually be blends of underlying stellar lines. The very weak DIB at 8439 Ang cannot be resolved within the profile of the much stronger underlying hydrogen Paschen 18 stellar line.
Online learning has become a widespread practice for students and teachers in acquiring and delivering knowledge. Education platforms have become prominent in the 21st century with the evolution of ...technology and the accessibility to online learning. As a result, various learning management systems (LMSs) have been introduced to facilitate online interaction between users. For instance, communication between students and teachers at school. However, there is a need to emphasise user engagement in LMS to enhance the online learning experience amongst students since the design of LMS affects user engagement. This study utilised a systematic literature review (SLR) that examined 74 articles published between 2014 and 2023, focusing on cross-cultural design (CCD), user-centred design (UCD), and usability in LMS design. This study aimed to review CCD and its association with UCD, user interfaces (UI), and user experience (UX) in the context of LMS. CCD has been introduced as an approach to design that embraces different cultures, languages, and social contexts, while UCD plays a significant role in defining user engagement for LMS. All elements in CCD and UCD help create a better user experience for LMS. Besides, this study reviewed the usability of selected LMS to give insights to developers in creating a positive user engagement. An insight into cultural factors that influence the usability of LMS has revealed their value for LMS design, such as the UI/UX elements. Initially, this study may guide future researchers in improving education quality by emphasising CCD and LMS usability, which can enhance user engagement.
Management accountants have a crucial role to play in rebuilding customer satisfaction. They can contribute to company performance and customer satisfaction by improving quality within areas under ...their control or influence, such as pricing, billing, and accounts receivable. Management accountants can play a key role in tracking the relationship between customer satisfaction and revenue. Management accountants must link increased customer satisfaction and improved financial results.
We analyze the distribution of G and K type stars towards the Galactic poles using RAVE and ELODIE radial velocities, 2MASS photometric star counts, and UCAC2 proper motions. The combination of ...photometric and 3D kinematic data allows us to disentangle and describe the vertical distribution of dwarfs, sub-giants and giants and their kinematics. We identify discontinuities within the kinematics and magnitude counts that separate the thin disk, thick disk and a hotter component. The respective scale heights of the thin disk and thick disk are 225\(\pm\)10 pc and 1048\(\pm\)36 pc. We also constrain the luminosity function and the kinematic distribution function. The existence of a kinematic gap between the thin and thick disks is incompatible with the thick disk having formed from the thin disk by a continuous process, such as scattering of stars by spiral arms or molecular clouds. Other mechanisms of formation of the thick disk such as `created on the spot' or smoothly `accreted' remain compatible with our findings.
