Prisutnost integracijskih i dezintegracijskih procesa u Europi nameće redefiniranje mnogih bitnih kategorija političkog i ekonomskog suživota, kako bi se mogla ostvariti ideja Europe kao zajedničkog ...doma. Zbog dimenzija promjena potrebno je mijenjati paradigme ekonomskog razvoja, prihvaćajući Schumpeterov koncept daje ekonomski razvoj sadržan u procesu stalne kreativne destrukcije. Ako Europa ne riješi ekonomske probleme s kojima je suočena, a koji postaju sve više kulturni problem opstanka i razvoja, ideja Europe kao zajedničkog doma neće se ostvariti.
Prisutnost integracijskih i dezintegracijskih procesa u Europi nameće redefiniranje mnogih bitnih kategorija političkog i ekonomskog suživota, kako bi se mogla ostvariti ideja Europe kao zajedničkog ...doma. Zbog dimenzija promjena potrebno je mijenjati paradigme ekonomskog razvoja, prihvaćajući Schumpeterov koncept daje ekonomski razvoj sadržan u procesu stalne kreativne destrukcije. Ako Europa ne riješi ekonomske probleme s kojima je suočena, a koji postaju sve više kulturni problem opstanka i razvoja, ideja Europe kao zajedničkog doma neće se ostvariti.
We have investigated the underpotential deposition (UPD) of silver on high-index platinum single crystals vicinal to the (1
1
1) plane. Carbon monoxide displacement experiments were carried out on ...Ag-modified Pt(6
6
5) and Pt(3
3
2) stepped single crystal electrodes and examined by means of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.05
M sulfuric acid. Analogous to studies of Pt(1
1
1) by Klein L.H. Klein, Etude des etats d’adsorption electrochimique sur les electrodes de platine et de rhodium monocristallins modifiees ou non par les adatomes, Ecole Nationale de Chimie de Paris, Universite Paris 6, Paris, 1997 and Domke et al. K.F. Domke, X.-Y. Xiao, H. Baltruschat, PCCP 10 (2008) 1555, carbon monoxide displaces Ag from stepped Pt electrodes. The present STM studies reveal the formation of small, biatomic thick or thicker Ag clusters on Pt(6
6
5) and Pt(3
3
2) after co-adsorption of CO, extending across step edges, They have a narrow size distribution centred around 10
nm diameter independent of the substrate step density. The desorption of the second Ag adlayer and of CO are monitored electrochemically in two well-separated oxidation peaks at around 0.68 and 0.9
V vs RHE, respectively, whereas the desorption peak of Ag of the first adlayer cannot be completely separated from the early onset of Pt oxidation at approximately 1.13
V vs RHE.
The selective laser structuring of zinc oxide thin films, which serve as the transparent negative electrodes of copper–indium-selenide (CIS) thin film solar cells, is of great common interest as it ...can replace the mechanical scribing of the so-called pattern 3 (P3) process step for the monolithic serial interconnection of these cells. We present an investigation of the single-pulse ablation behavior of zinc oxide thin films on glass substrates and on CIS layers and of trench scribing with 10-ps laser pulses at 1064 nm and at 532 nm. We show that the ablation behavior strongly depends on the properties of the underling substrate and that the energy required to ablate a specific volume using induced laser processes (often referred to as ‘lift off’) is considerably reduced compared to the direct ablation of zinc oxide. With laser powers below 2 W at a wavelength of 1064 nm process speeds of 6 m/s for the P3 process have been achieved.
The effect of co-adsorption of CO on an underpotentially deposited (UPD) silver monolayer on a Pt(111) single crystal electrode in 0.05 M sulfuric acid is investigated for the first time by means of ...electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM). Pure electrochemical experiments suggest that the co-adsorption of CO onto Pt single crystal electrodes previously modified by a monolayer of Ag, forces Ag atoms of the first UPD monolayer into a second adlayer. The present EC-STM studies reveal the formation of a large-area Ag network after the co-adsorption of CO. The resulting Ag nanostructures formed on wide Pt(111) terraces are approximately 0.5 nm high and 10 nm wide. The desorption of the newly formed second Ag adlayer, the oxidation of CO and the desorption of Ag atoms from the first adlayer are monitored by EC-STM and simultaneously detected in the corresponding CVs in three different oxidation peaks. EC-STM images recorded afterwards show the unchanged Pt surface. The presence of Ag on the surface leads to a downward shift of the onset of oxygen adsorption on the Pt(111) surface.
The production of CIS thin film solar cells is still employing some mechanical steps of structuring, where thin layers have to be selectively separated in three patterns (P1 to P3) for the monolithic ...serial interconnection. We report on the high speed structuring of these patterns by picosecond laser ablation at 1064nm. We demonstrate on 100x100 mm2 samples, that the molybdenum back electrode can be structured with a process speed of up to 15 m/s. The ZnO front electrode film can be line separated with up to 15 m/s, the CIS absorber layer is structured with up to 4 m/s. Furthermore we extended our laser processes to 300 x 300 mm2 pilot line samples which were displaying efficiencies of 13.4%.
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