A review is given here of recent results in developing improved control of growth, doping, and fabrication processes for ZnO devices with possible applications to ultraviolet (UV) light emitters, ...spin functional devices, gas sensors, transparent electronics, and surface acoustic wave devices. ZnO can be grown on cheap substrates such as glass at relatively low temperatures and may have advantages over the GaN system in some of these applications.
In low alloy steels containing Nb, the poor hot ductility is basically due to the austenite grain boundary segregation of sulfur and the additional matrix strengthening of Nb(C,N) precipitates, both ...of which decrease the equicohesive temperature. The recovery of hot ductility is therefore attributed to not only the clean grain boundaries that the segregated sulfur is scavenged through the MnS reaction but also the matrix softening by the coarse Nb(C,N) precipitates.
This national survey was undertaken to propose the classification of extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NTCL) subtypes and to clarify a clinical heterogeneity.
Two hundred and eighty ...patients newly diagnosed as NTCL were enrolled from 22 Korean medical centers. Two subsets were compared: one involving the upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) and another involving the non-upper aerodigestive tract (NUAT) region, which comprises the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver or soft tissues. Clinical prognostic factors, survival outcomes, and independent predictors for survival were compared between each subset.
NUAT-NTCL (59 patients) had significantly higher proportions of disseminated disease, aggressive biologic features, and unfavorable host reactions compared with UAT-NTCL (221 patients). NUAT-NTCL had shortened 5-year overall survival (OS) (22% versus 41%, P = 0.001). Ann Arbor staging, the International Prognostic Index, and the NTCL prognostic index failed to predict the OS of NUAT-NTCL, but did predict the OS in UAT-NTCL. Independent predictors for OS by multivariate analyses differed between each subset. In the NUAT subset, extranodal sites and regional nodes predicted the OS, while Ann Arbor staging, age, performance status, and lactate dehydrogenase level predicted the OS in the UAT subset.
NUAT-NTCL may represent a distinctive disease entity in terms of clinical factors, independent predictors, and survival outcomes.
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether elastic properties and apparent density of bone differ in different anatomical regions of the maxilla and mandible. Additional analyses ...assessed how elastic properties and apparent density were related. Four pairs of edentulous maxilla and mandibles were retrieved from fresh human cadavers. Bone samples from four anatomical regions (maxillary anterior, maxillary posterior, mandibular anterior, mandibular posterior) were obtained. Elastic modulus (EM) and hardness (H) were measured using the nano-indentation technique. Bone samples containing cortical and trabecular bone were used to measure composite apparent density (cAD) using Archimedes’ principle. Statistical analyses used repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlations. Bone physical properties differed between regions of the maxilla and mandible. Generally, mandible had higher physical property measurements than maxilla. EM and H were higher in posterior than in anterior regions; the reverse was true for cAD. Posterior maxillary cAD was significantly lower than that in the three other regions.
In heat resistant steels, tensile stress accelerates the decomposition of preexisting smaller carbides and the growth of larger carbides. Consequently, the dissolved carbon is enriched in the matrix ...during the decomposition. Under the tensile stress, the massive diffusion of the enriched carbon results in more active segregation to the grain boundary/carbide interfaces for the growth of the larger carbides than the carbide-free grain boundaries. The segregation kinetics of carbon forms a convex profile during the growth process of carbides. A concave segregation profile of chromium corresponds to the convex profile of carbon. This is attributed to the diffusivity of chromium much lower than that of carbon which makes the chromium as the rate-controlling factor for the carbide growth. Due to the repulsive segregation behavior between carbon and phosphorus, the concave segregation profile of phosphorus results from the convex segregation profile of carbon formed during the active carbide growth. A convex segregation profile of sulfur is also formed owing to the formation reaction of MnS particles, but it is independent of the segregation behaviors of the other solutes.
The filter medium could be selected and the longevity of the filter medium by the phosphorus saturation could be predicted in the constructed wetland system, accordingly proposing the scheme to ...remove the phosphorus for a long period. The phosphorus adsorption capacities of various filter media were investigated in relation to the size and types of filter media to screen the optimal condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the constructed wetland longevity by improving P adsorption capacity. The maximum P adsorption capacities of filter media A (4–10
mm), B (2–4
mm), and C (0.1–2
mm) were 7.7, 11.6, and 22.5
mg/kg, respectively, showing that they increased as the filter media size decreased. Among the experimental media, the optimal filter media size was 0.1–2
mm. When Ca, Mg, Al and Fe were added to the filter medium C, which is the optimal filter medium, the addition of Ca improved mostly the P adsorption capacity. In the alternative proposal to use these facts, the oyster shell was added to the filter medium and the P adsorption capacity was examined: adding 2% oyster shell increased the P adsorption capacity from 23 to 36
mg/kg. In the column where the oyster shell was mixed, when the oyster shell content was 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% in the filter medium C, the respective saturation times of the P adsorption were about 6, 9, 17, 30, 43, 56, and 70 days. When the oyster shell content was 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% after 1 month in the column, the P adsorption amount was about 180, 600, 1560, 4280, 6157, 7089, 7519, and 7925
mg/kg, respectively. The increment of the P adsorption amount was small if the oyster shell content was 60% or more, because the filter medium with more than 60% oyster shell content did not approach the saturation time by the P adsorption yet. The P adsorption amount for 60%, 80%, and 100% could be predicted as about 9702, 12,879, and 16,056
mg/kg, respectively. The largest amount of extracted P in the filter media with oyster shell after 30 days of P solution application was bound to Ca, followed by water soluble-P, Al–P, and Fe–P. Therefore, it was concluded that the adsorption amount of the phosphorus could be increased by adding the oyster shell to the filter medium. Also, it was concluded that adding the oyster shell to the filter medium in the constructed wetland was the scheme to extend the longevity of the constructed wetland by the phosphorus saturation, and using the oyster shell would be useful in aspect of economical efficiency and easiness. Especially, it would be the alternative proposal to reduce the environmental pollution in aspect of recycling wastes.
It is confirmed that the time to intergranular failure t under tensile stress in heat-resistant steels can be expressed by t0σ−nexp(Q/RT) where n is the stress exponent, Q the activation energy, and ...t0 the proportional constant. It is also confirmed that, because the phosphorus segregation concentration is markedly higher at grain boundary/carbide interfaces than carbide-free grain boundary areas, the cracks initiate at the grain boundary/carbide interfaces and then propagate along the intergranular path. On the basis of the dependence of yield, grain boundary/carbide interface and carbide-free grain boundary area strengths on temperature, the intergranular stress relief or premature cracking occurring in the heat-affected zone and/or the weld metal is elucidated in detail, and the major factors for the intergranular cracking are clarified.
Banana, orange, and apple are the major fruits in Western and Asian diets. In order to find the effects of these fruits, neuron like PC12 cells were exposed to the extracts of these fruits before ...H₂O₂ treatment. We found a significant viability of PC12 cells by the MTT reduction test, which indicated that the phenolics of banana, orange, and apple fruits prevented oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Additional tests by lactate dehydrogenase and trypan blue exclusion assays showed that the extracts reduced oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell membrane damage. These results suggest that fresh apples, banana, and orange in our daily diet along with other fruits may protect neuron cells against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity and may play an important role in reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
To investigate the characteristics and prognoses of golf ball-related ocular injuries (GROIs) using standardized terminology, classification, and scoring systems.
Twenty-two GROI patients were ...assessed using the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology, Ocular Trauma Classification Group (OTCG) classification, and Ocular Trauma Score. Globe preservation and final visual acuity (FVA) were assessed according to the injury severity categorical designation.
Fourteen patients were injured on golf courses and eight on driving ranges. Nine patients (40.9%) had open-globe injuries (five ruptures (22.7%), four penetrating injuries (18.2%)). All rupture cases required enucleation, whereas penetrating injury cases did not (the FVA ranged from 20/100 to no light perception). In open-globe injuries, wearing glasses protected against rupture (P=0.008). Thirteen patients sustained closed-globe injuries that were accompanied by lens subluxation (38.5%), choroidal rupture (30.8%), macular commotio retinae (38.5%), and traumatic optic neuropathy (7.7%). Twelve (54.5%) patients had orbital wall fractures. The mean number of related surgeries required was 1.5±1.7 across all patients.
Eyes with GROIs had devastating FVA and globe preservation status, especially those with open-globe injuries. Observing golf rules and improving driving-range facilities are essential for preventing GROIs. Protective eyewear may reduce ocular damage from GROIs, especially globe rupture.
To verify the diagnostic performance of the loss of nigrosome-1 on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) with compressed sensing-sensitivity encoding (CS-SENSE) and neuromelanin on ...neuromelanin-sensitive (NM) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical Parkinsonism.
A total of 195 patients who underwent MRI between October 2019 and February 2020, including SWI, with or without CS-SENSE, and NM-MRI, were reviewed retrospectively. Two neuroradiologists assessed the loss of nigrosome-1 on SWI and neuromelanin on the NM-MRI. The result of N-3-fluoropropyl-2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane positron-emission tomography (PET) was set as the reference standard.
When CS-SENSE was applied for nigrosome-1 imaging on SWI, the non-diagnostic scan rate was lowered significantly from 19.3% (17/88) to 5.6% (6/107; p=0.004). Diagnosis of PD and atypical Parkinsonism based on the loss of nigrosome-1 on SWI and based on NM-MRI showed good diagnostic value (area under the curve AUC 0.821, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.755-0.875: AUC 0.832, 95% CI = 0.771-0.882, respectively) with a substantial inter-reader agreement (κ = 0.791 and 0.681, respectively). Combined SWI and neuromelanin had a similar discriminatory ability (AUC 0.830, 95% CI = 0.770-0.880). Similarly, the diagnosis of PD was excellent.
CS-SENSE may add value to the diagnostic capability of nigrosome-1 on SWI to reduce the nondiagnostic scan rates. Furthermore, loss of nigrosome-1 on SWI or volume loss of neuromelanin on NM-MRI may be helpful for diagnosing PD.
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