In the cat the origin of sympathetic nerve fibers in the medial and posterior articular nerve (MAN and PAN) of the knee joint was studied using retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). ...Three to 5 days after uptake of HRP by MAN per cat 404 +/- 136 labeled somata (mean +/- S.D., n = 4 cats) were found mainly in the paravertebral ganglia L4 and L5 of the ipsilateral sympathetic trunk, and uptake of HRP by PAN labeled per animal 532 +/- 155 cell bodies (mean +/- S.D., n = 4 cats) mainly in the paravertebral ganglia L5 and L6. The cross-sectional areas of the labeled somata ranged from 200 to 1300 microns 2 with a mean of about 620 microns 2.
Nociception and pain Heppelmann, B; Messlinger, K; Schaible, H G ...
Current opinion in neurobiology
1, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In recent years, progress in the treatment of pain has been strongly influenced by new insights into the mechanisms underlying pain and nociception. The following article briefly reviews some recent ...reports which make a significant contribution to our knowledge of the structure and function of nocisensors, the neuropeptides involved in the nociceptive system, and the spinal and supraspinal central mechanisms of nociception.
SUMMARY
Two different techniques for three‐dimensional reconstructions of nerve fibres or other extended fine tissue structures were developed to study the afferent innervation of the cat's ...knee‐joint capsule.
The re‐embedding technique starts with series of semithin sections for light microscopic reconstructions. In a second step, selected semithin sections can be re‐embedded for ultramicrotomy to examine ultrastructural details. This method offers the possibility to investigate fine structures over a distance of several hundred micrometres without any loss of ultrastructural information.
The serial section‐ESI technique is based on the electron spectroscopic imaging of semithin sections. Small tissue blocks are cut into series of either semithin or alternate semi‐ and ultrathin sections which can be directly used for a complete ultrastructural investigation.
Finally, true‐to‐scale three‐dimensional reconstructions are performed by graphical techniques or computer‐aided methods.
The distribution of fiber size in the posterior articular nerve (PAN) and medial articular nerve (MAN) of the cat's knee joint was studied by light and electron microscopy. The myelinated fibers of ...the PAN ranged from approximately 1 to 18 μm, with maxima at 3-4 μm and 8-9 μm. According to the classification of Boyd and Davey (1968), the PAN contained about 34% Group III fibers, 56% Group II fibers, and 10% Group I fibers, In contrast, the MAN showed a unimodal, skewed distribution, with a range from approximately 1 to 14 μm and a maximum at 3-4 μm. According to the Boyd and Davey classification, the PAN contained about 69% Group III fibers, 30% Group II fibers, and 1% Group I fibers. Unmyelinated fibers examined in the MAN showed a unimodal distribution, with a range of from 0.1 to 1.5 μm and a maximum at 0.4-0.5 μm. To differentiate between afferent and sympathetic fibers, a sympathectomy or ganglionectomy was performed on one side. The fiber size distribution indicated a considerable overlap in the diameter of the afferent and sympathetic unmyelinated fibers. Most sympathetic fibers had a diameter of between 0.8 and 0.9 μm, whereas afferent fibers showed a maximum at 0.3-0.4 μm. When data were combined for myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the PAN, about 74% of the afferent fibers were found to belong to Groups III and IV; they are thought to terminate in noncorpuscular endings. The other 26% were found to belong to Groups I and II; they terminate in corpuscular receptors and muscle spindle primary and secondary endings. In the MAN, on the other hand, about 91% of the fibers were found to belong to Groups III and IV, and only 9% to Groups I and II. In spite of a small contamination of PAN with muscle afferents, these results indicate a different pattern of the distribution of receptor types in the knee joint capsule.
They at PTC are fortunate to partner with, and have as a customer, companies like GE, which has a well-known strategy around Brilliant Manufacturing. If you look at Airbus, they've described this as ...the factory of the future, or companies like Denso in Japan talk about it as dantotsu factories -- the best by far factories. It's not just the largest economies in the world that have recognized this opportunity, it's also some of the largest and best-run manufacturing companies in the world. This is a once-in-a-generation kind of technology, that's why Europe refers to it as the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In some of the areas that they had branched into, such as service of products in the field, to became very apparent that the idea of PLM extended beyond manufacturing a product and when that product rolled out of the factory; now these products were live and forever connected.
Modified Pricing Model for Energy Exchanges Biernatzki, R.; Soennecken, A.; Bitzer, B. ...
Proceedings of the 41st International Universities Power Engineering Conference,
2006-Sept., Letnik:
3
Conference Proceeding
The German electricity market has changed from monopoly to oligopoly and is currently dominated by four leading electricity providers. Thus, it can be hardly argued that the German market represents ...the ideal vision the EU might had when introducing the electricity directive in 1996. In this paper the influences responsible for the dramatic raise of the wholesale prices for electricity in Germany are analysed. Thereafter the important role of the German electricity exchange as "price indicator" is explained. An alternative pricing model is proposed in order to improve the conditions especially for industrial consumers of electricity. Thereby current results of a study done by the institute of energy, business and technology (IEBT) are used
Purpose of this study was the evaluation of distribution and morphology of mechanoreceptors in the glenohumeral joint capsule and rotator cuff in comparison to the coracoacromial ligament by means of ...specific immunfluorescence microscopy. The complemente joint capsules, rotator cuffs and coracoacromial ligaments of three fresh cadaver shoulder were harvested. Serial cryostate sections were taken and alternately incubated with antiserum against neurofilament, lamin or myelin of peripheral nerves. The antibody-reaction was visualized with fluorescin Ig-G. The nerve endings were photographed and computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstructions were performed. Three types of corpuscular and free nerve endings of different morphology were found in different distributions: whereas the Ruffini corpuscles were much more frequent in the coracoacromial ligament and rotator cuff, Pacini endings were predominantly found in the joint capsule. Generally corpuscular nerve endings were more frequent in the coracoacromial ligament and the rotator cuff than in the antero-inferior capsule and the number of corpuscles increased from medial to lateral within the anterior and inferior parts of the capsule. The dense ligamentous tissue was almost aneural whereas the periarticular fatty or loose connective tissue contained nerve fibres and nerve endings. In view of the results of other experimental and clinical studies the high frequency of Ruffini and Pacini endings in the rotator cuff and coracoacromial ligament suggest, that both are involved in the neurosensory control of glenohumeral stability and subacromial impingement. In contrast our findings in the joint capsule do not clearly proove, that those joint receptors predominantly maintain joint stability.
PDM for the enterprise
Mechanical engineering (New York, N.Y. 1919),
10/1998, Letnik:
120, Številka:
10
Magazine Article
Companies are focusing on building product data management (PDM) systems from the ground up using Internet and related technologies. Perhaps the most notable example of the trend is Windchill from ...Parametric Technology Corp. In an interview, James Heppelmann, senior vice president responsible for Windchill and PTC's overall information technology strategy, explained what has changed in manufacturers' competitive environment and how the new enterprise-wide PDM systems fit in this new landscape.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
