Mediterranean diet (MD) is a well-known healthy dietary pattern, linked to: (1) high intakes of olive oil as main the culinary fat, plant-based foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, tree ...nuts, and seeds), and fish; and (2) a moderate consumption of white meat, eggs, dairy products such as yogurt and cheese, and wine always with meals ....
Virgin olive oil is a characteristic component and the main source of fat of the Mediterranean diet. It is a mix of high-value health compounds, including monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic ...acid), simple phenols (such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol), secoiridoids (such as oleuropein, oleocanthal), flavonoids, and terpenoids (such as squalene). Olive oil consumption has been shown to improve different aspects of human health and has been associated with a lower risk of cancer. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in such effects are still poorly defined, but seem to be related to a promotion of apoptosis, modulation of epigenetic patterns, blockade of cell cycle, and angiogenesis regulation. The aim of this review is to update the current associations of cancer risk with the Mediterranean diet, olive oil consumption and its main components. In addition, the identification of key olive oil components involved in anticarcinogenic mechanisms and pathways according to experimental models is also addressed.
Previous research has shown that sleep can play a role in obesity and weight loss. However, the association of sleep with weight loss in patients with severe obesity after bariatric surgery remains ...unexplored. We aimed to evaluate the role of sleep in weight loss evolution in a cohort of patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy.
A cohort of 252 patients with severe obesity (75.7% women; age mean ± SD 47.7 ± 10.8 years; BMI 44.2 ± 5.9 kg/m
) was followed for 1 year after surgery. Anthropometric, biochemical, physical activity, sleep (bedtime, wakeup time, and sleep duration) and dietary intake variables were collected pre- and post-surgery (1 year). Linear and non-linear regression models were used to examine the associations between sleep variables and weight loss. Participants were grouped into 'early' and 'late' sleepers according to a bedtime threshold (before or after 24:00 h), and the differences in weight loss, physical activity, meal timing, and dietary intake between groups were studied.
1-h increments in bedtime were linearly associated with less excess weight loss (EWL) -2.23%; 95%CI: -3.37; -0.70; p = 0.005 1 year after the sleeve gastrectomy. Late sleepers lost less weight (-5.64% of EWL 95%CI: -10.11; -1.17; p = 0.014) when compared to early sleepers and showed a higher energy intake after 21:00 h (8.66% of total energy intake 95% CI: 4.87; 12.46; p < 0.001).
Late bedtime is associated with less success of weight loss 1 year after the sleeve gastrectomy. Late sleepers consumed more of their calories closer to bedtime. Our results highlight the relevance of considering recommendations on bedtime and meal timing for patients after bariatric surgery.
This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate whether diet quality and eating behaviors could mediate the association between sleep quality and body mass index (BMI) in young adults. For all ...participants (n = 925; aged 21.4 ± 2.5 years; 77.8% women) we evaluated: BMI, sleep quality, diet quality, and eating behavior dimensions (emotional eating, cognitive restraint, and uncontrolled eating). Linear regression models were used to test associations between exposure and outcome variables. Path analysis was conducted with all potential mediators and covariates entered at the same time. Results showed that emotional eating (β = 0.04 95% CI: 0.03; 0.06), cognitive restraint (β = 0.03 95% CI: 0.01; 0.04), uncontrolled eating (β = 0.02 95% CI: 0.01; 0.04) and diet quality (β = −0.14 95% CI: 0.19;-0.08) were significantly associated with sleep quality. Additionally, BMI was significantly associated with PSQI score (β = 0.09 95% CI: 0.01; 0.17), emotional eating (β = 0.89 95% CI: 0.60; 1.18), and cognitive restraint (β = 1.37 95% CI: 1.02; 1.71). After testing for mediation, results revealed that emotional eating and cognitive restraint evidenced a significant mediating effect on the association between sleep quality and BMI. Additionally, diet quality was significantly associated with emotional eating (β = −0.35 95% CI: 0.56;-0.13), cognitive restraint (β = 0.53 95% CI: 0.27; 0.79), and uncontrolled eating (β = −0.49 95% CI: 0.74;-0.25). In conclusion, young adults with poor sleep quality are more likely to deal with negative emotions with food, which, in turn, could be associated with higher cognitive restraint, becoming a vicious cycle that has a negative impact on body weight. Our results also emphasize the role of eating behaviors as determinants of diet quality, highlighting the importance of considering sleep quality and eating behaviors when designing obesity prevention strategies in this population.
BACKGROUND:The biological functions of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) contribute to explaining the cardioprotective role of the lipoprotein beyond quantitative HDL cholesterol levels. A few ...small-scale interventions with a single antioxidant have improved some HDL functions. However, to date, no long-term, large-scale, randomized controlled trial has been conducted to assess the effects of an antioxidant-rich dietary pattern (such as a traditional Mediterranean diet TMD) on HDL function in humans.
METHODS:This study was performed in a random subsample of volunteers from the PREDIMED Study (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea; n=296) after a 1-year intervention. We compared the effects of 2 TMDs, one enriched with virgin olive oil (TMD-VOO; n=100) and the other enriched with nuts (TMD-Nuts; n=100), with respect to a low-fat control diet (n=96). We assessed the effects of both TMDs on the role of HDL particles on reverse cholesterol transport (cholesterol efflux capacity, HDL ability to esterify cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity), HDL antioxidant properties (paraoxonase-1 arylesterase activity and total HDL antioxidant capacity on low-density lipoproteins), and HDL vasodilatory capacity (HDL ability to induce the release of nitric oxide in endothelial cells). We also studied the effects of a TMD on several HDL quality-related characteristics (HDL particle oxidation, resistance against oxidative modification, main lipid and protein composition, and size distribution).
RESULTS:Both TMDs increased cholesterol efflux capacity relative to baseline (P=0.018 and P=0.013 for TMD-VOO and TMD-Nuts, respectively). The TMD-VOO intervention decreased cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity (relative to baseline, P=0.028) and increased HDL ability to esterify cholesterol, paraoxonase-1 arylesterase activity, and HDL vasodilatory capacity (relative to control, P=0.039, P=0.012, and P=0.026, respectively). Adherence to a TMD induced these beneficial changes by improving HDL oxidative status and composition. The 3 diets increased the percentage of large HDL particles (relative to baseline, P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS:The TMD, especially when enriched with virgin olive oil, improved HDL atheroprotective functions in humans.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:URLhttp://www.controlled-trials.com. Unique identifierISRCTN35739639.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) atherogenic traits can describe the role of both particles on cardiovascular diseases more accurately than HDL- or ...LDL-cholesterol levels. However, it is unclear how these lipoprotein properties are particularly affected by different cardiovascular risk factors.
To determine which lipoprotein properties are associated with greater cardiovascular risk scores and each cardiovascular risk factor.
In two cross-sectional baseline samples of PREDIMED trial volunteers, we assessed the associations of HDL functionality (N = 296) and LDL atherogenicity traits (N = 210) with: 1) the 10-year predicted coronary risk (according to the Framingham-REGICOR score), and 2) classical cardiovascular risk factors.
Greater cardiovascular risk scores were associated with low cholesterol efflux values; oxidized, triglyceride-rich, small HDL particles; and small LDLs with low resistance against oxidation (P-trend<0.05, all). After adjusting for the rest of risk factors; 1) type-2 diabetic individuals presented smaller and more oxidized LDLs (P<0.026, all); 2) dyslipidemic participants had smaller HDLs with an impaired capacity to metabolize cholesterol (P<0.035, all); 3) high body mass index values were associated to lower HDL and LDL size and a lower HDL capacity to esterify cholesterol (P<0.037, all); 4) men presented a greater HDL oxidation and lower HDL vasodilatory capacity (P<0.046, all); and 5) greater ages were related to small, oxidized, cytotoxic LDL particles (P<0.037, all).
Dysfunctional HDL and atherogenic LDL particles are present in high cardiovascular risk patients. Dyslipidemia and male sex are predominantly linked to HDL dysfunctionality, whilst diabetes and advanced age are associated with LDL atherogenicity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Meal timing relative to sleep/wake schedules is relevant in the search for obesity risk factors. However, clock time does not accurately characterize the timing of food intake in the context of ...internal circadian timing. Therefore, we studied elapsed between dinner and the midpoint of sleep (TDM) as a practical approach to evaluate meal timing relative to internal timing, and its implications on obesity. To do so, adiposity, sleep, diet, physical activity, and TDM were measured in 133 women. The participants were grouped into four categories according to their sleep timing behavior (early-bed/early-rise; early-bed/late-rise; late-bed/early-rise; late-bed/late-rise). Differences among the categories were tested using ANOVA, while restricted cubic splines were calculated to study the association between TDM and adiposity. Our results show that, although participants had dinner at about the same time, those that had the shortest TDM (early-bed/early-rise group) were found to have significantly higher BMI and waist circumference values (2.3 kg/m
and 5.2 cm) than the other groups. In addition, a TDM of 6 h was associated with the lowest values of adiposity. The TDM could be a practical approach to personalizing meal timing based on individual sleep/wake schedules. Thus, according to our findings, dining 6 h before the midpoint of sleep is an important finding and could be vital for future nutritional recommendations and for obesity prevention and treatment.
Aims/hypothesis
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) are associated with type 2 diabetes. However, repeated measurements of BCAA/AAA and their interactions with dietary ...interventions have not been evaluated. We investigated the associations between baseline and changes at 1 year in BCAA/AAA with type 2 diabetes in the context of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) trial.
Methods
We included 251 participants with incident type 2 diabetes and a random sample of 694 participants (641 participants without type 2 diabetes and 53 overlapping cases) in a case-cohort study nested within the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Participants were randomised to a MedDiet+extra-virgin olive oil (
n
= 273), a MedDiet+nuts (
n
= 324) or a control diet (
n
= 295). We used LC-MS/MS to measure plasma levels of amino acids. Type 2 diabetes was a pre-specified secondary outcome of the PREDIMED trial.
Results
Elevated plasma levels of individual BCAAs/AAAs were associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk after a median follow-up of 3.8 years: multivariable HR for the highest vs lowest quartile ranged from 1.32 for phenylalanine (95% CI 0.90, 1.92,
p
for trend = 0.015) to 3.29 for leucine (95% CI 2.03, 5.34,
p
for trend<0.001). Increases in BCAA score at 1 year were associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk in the control group with HR per SD = 1.61 (95% CI 1.02, 2.54), but not in the MedDiet groups (
p
for interaction <0.001). The MedDiet+extra-virgin olive oil significantly reduced BCAA levels after 1 year of intervention (
p =
0.005 vs the control group).
Conclusions/interpretation
Our results support that higher baseline BCAAs and their increases at 1 year were associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk. A Mediterranean diet rich in extra-virgin olive oil significantly reduced the levels of BCAA and attenuated the positive association between plasma BCAA levels and type 2 diabetes incidence.
Clinical trial number
: SRCTN35739639 (
www.controlled-trials.com
)
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