Este artículo recoge diversas experiencias didácticas encaminadas a integrar el aprendizaje de lengua y cultura. El objetivo es plantear cómo se puede desarrollar una sinergia entre las clases de ...español como lengua extranjera (L2) y las asignaturas de contenidos mediante diversas estrategias de comunicación transmedia. En la primera parte se examinan diversos modelos pedagógicos en el contexto de enseñanza de L2 en el Reino Unido. En la segunda, presentamos los proyectos de transmediaa en L2 que se están realizando desde el Grupo de Investigación Film, Languages and Media in Education (FLAME). El último apartado incluye las conclusiones y futuras líneas de investigación.
The expansion of Covid-19 has severely hit the community's health all over the world, killing hundreds of thousands of people, subjecting health systems to an enormous stress (besides derailing ...economic activities and altering personal and social behavior). Two elements are essential to monitor the evolution of the pandemic as well as to analyze the effectiveness of the response measures: reliable data and useful indicators. We present an indicator that helps to assess the impact of Covid-19 on the community's health, combining two different components: the extent of the pandemics (i.e. the share of the population affected) and its severity (the intensity of the disease on those affected). The severity measure derives from the application of an evaluation protocol that allows comparing population distributions based on the proportions of those affected with different health conditions. We illustrate the functioning of this indicator over a case study regarding the situation of the Italian regions on March 9 (the beginning of the confinement) and April 8, 2020, one month later.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•A protocol that yields cardinal evaluations out of ordinal information.•Admits the presence of ties and non-comparable alternatives.•Permits finding endogenously different “divisions” among the ...alternatives.•Can be naturally extended to a multidimensional context.•Applicable to many different types of problems.
This paper presents an evaluation protocol that transforms a collection of rankings, defined over a set of alternatives, into a complete, transitive, and cardinal assessment. It combines the ideas of Borda and Condorcet by computing the support that each alternative receives on average when confronted with any other. The protocol evaluates those alternatives in terms of pairwise comparisons but weighs the outcomes differently depending on how each alternative fares with respect to the others. The evaluation appears as the stable distribution of an iterative process in which each alternative competes randomly with any other, and results in a vector of positive numbers that tells us the relative support of the different options. We show that this protocol does not require linear orderings and can also be applied in the presence of incomplete rankings and when dealing with several issues simultaneously.
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains the major obstacle to successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, despite of the immunosuppressive regimens administered to control T cell ...alloreactivity. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is crucial in T cell activation and function and, therefore, represents an attractive therapeutic target to prevent GvHD development. Recently, numerous PI3K inhibitors have been developed for cancer therapy. However, few studies have explored their immunosuppressive effect.
The effects of a selective PI3K inhibitor (BKM120) and a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (BEZ235) on human T cell proliferation, expression of activation-related molecules, and phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway proteins were analyzed. Besides, the ability of BEZ235 to prevent GvHD development in mice was evaluated.
Simultaneous inhibition of PI3K and mTOR was efficient at lower concentrations than PI3K specific targeting. Importantly, BEZ235 prevented naïve T cell activation and induced tolerance of alloreactive T cells, while maintaining an adequate response against cytomegalovirus, more efficiently than BKM120. Finally, BEZ235 treatment significantly improved the survival and decreased the GvHD development in mice.
These results support the use of PI3K inhibitors to control T cell responses and show the potential utility of the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 in GvHD prophylaxis.
Increased glycolysis and HIF-1α activity are characteristics of cells under hypoxic or inflammatory conditions. Besides, in normal O
environments, elevated rates of glycolysis support critical ...cellular mechanisms such as cell survival. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contribution of HIF-1α to the energy metabolism and survival of human synovial fibroblasts (SF) under normoxic conditions. HIF-1α was silenced using lentiviral vectors or small-interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR and western blot of known HIF-1α target genes in hypoxia demonstrated the presence of functional HIF-1α in normoxic SF and confirmed the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a HIF-1α target even in normoxia. HIF-1α silencing induced apoptotic cell death in cultured SF and, similarly, treatment with glycolytic, but not with OXPHOS inhibitors, induced SF death. Finally, in vivo HIF-1α targeting by siRNA showed a significant reduction in the viability of human SF engrafted into a murine air pouch. Our results demonstrate that SF are highly dependent on glycolytic metabolism and that HIF-1α plays a regulatory role in glycolysis even under aerobic conditions. Local targeting of HIF-1α provides a feasible strategy to reduce SF hyperplasia in chronic arthritic diseases.
The functional relevance of synovial ectopic lymphoid neogenesis (ELN) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. As ELN correlates with the degree of tissue inflammation, we investigated whether ...ELN was associated with specific cytokine profiles.
Synovial ELN was determined by immunohistology and long CD21 isoform (CD21L) expression. Cytokine expression was determined by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as immunohistology in synovial fluid (SF) (n = 44) and tissue (ST) (n = 108), respectively. Production of ELN-associated chemokines by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) was studied in vitro.
Screening analysis of SF by multiplex ELISA showed higher protein levels of interleukin (IL)-23 (p = 0.018) and IL-17F (p = 0.028) in ELN+ versus ELN- samples. Other cytokines, including IL-17A, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, were not different. The association between IL-23 and ELN was not biased by disease activity or other clinical features and was confirmed by higher IL-23 mRNA expression in ELN+ versus ELN- ST samples (p = 0.030), a correlation between IL-23 and CD21L expression in the same samples (r = 0.70 p < 0.0001), and a similar correlation in two independent ST sample sets (r = 0.778 p < 0.0001 and r = 0.817 p = 0.011). IL-23 p19 staining was neither restricted nor enhanced in close proximity of ectopic lymphoid follicles, and neither IL-23 nor IL-17A stimulation induced expression of the ELN-associated CC chemokine ligand, CCL21 and CXC chemokine ligand CXCL13, by FLS. Downstream of IL-23, CD21L expression was significantly associated with IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22, but not IL-17A in two independent ST sample sets.
Synovial ELN in RA is strongly associated with activation of the IL-23 pathway but not with IL-17A.
Research questions the validity of behavioral deception cues; however, people believe behavioral cues are reliable deception indicators. Police officers and community members indicated both how lies ...can be detected (beliefs), and how they discovered a lie in the past (revealing information). Officers did the latter twice, prompted with a professional versus a personal context. For both groups, beliefs were primarily behavioral (e.g., demeanor) and revealing information contextual (evidence, third‐party information, etc.). Officers responded similarly regardless of context. Relative to community members, officers provided more cues and referred more often to verbal contradictions and active detection strategies when asked about beliefs. Practitioners should be made aware of the discrepancies between their beliefs about deception cues and useful information to detect lies.
This article introduces this special collection, which focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on language education in the UK and asks what kinds of long-term effects there might be across ...sectors from primary schools to higher education. Each article in this collection comprises a “dialogue” which took place in the form of an online asynchronous writing “sprint” in one of six areas: primary schools, secondary schools, language teaching in higher education, early career higher education, year abroad and cultural institutions. This introduction analyses the trends, challenges and opportunities drawn from the experiences across the different areas: pedagogical transformation for an effective (digitally mediated) language education; challenges and opportunities for student engagement; and the role of communities of practice in supporting language educators. This article argues that there are valuable lessons which can be extrapolated for wider discussion on the future of Modern Languages education in the UK.
Objective
Acquired tracheal stenosis (ATS) is an unusual disease often secondary to prolonged mechanical trauma. Acquired tracheal stenosis pathogenesis involves inflammation and subsequent fibrosis ...with narrowing of the tracheal lumen. Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β) represents a pivotal factor in most fibrotic processes, and therefore a potential target in this context. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of TGF‐β as a target for anti‐fibrotic interventions in tracheal stenosis.
Methods
Human stenotic tracheobronchial tissues from patients with benign airway stenosis and normal controls from pneumonectomy specimens were analyzed. Tracheal stenosis was induced in adult NZ rabbits by a circumferential thermal injury to the mucosa during open surgery and re‐anastomosis. Rabbits were treated postoperatively with a peritracheal collagen sponge containing a TGF‐β peptide antagonist (p17) or vehicle. Fibrosis was determined by Masson's trichrome staining, and smooth muscle cell α‐actin+ (α‐SMA+ Confirm accuracy.) myofibroblasts, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and p‐Smad2/3 expression by immunohistochemistry.
Results
Human and rabbit stenotic tissues showed extensive submucosal fibrosis, characterized by significantly increased α‐SMA+ myofibroblasts and CTGF expression. In human stenotic lesions, increased p‐Smad2/3+ nuclei were also observed. p17 treatment significantly reduced the fibrotic thickness, as well as the density of α‐SMA+ myofibroblasts and CTGF+ cells in rabbit stenotic lesions, but failed to improve the luminal area.
Conclusion
ATS is characterized by a TGF‐β dependent fibrotic process, but reduction of the fibrotic component by TGF‐β1 antagonist therapy was not sufficient to improve tracheal narrowing, suggesting that fibrosis may not be the main contributor to luminal stenosis.
Level of Evidence
NA. Laryngoscope, 127:561–567, 2017
Oropharyngeal avian trichomonosis is mainly caused by Trichomonas gallinae, a protozoan parasite that affects the upper digestive tract of birds. Lesions of the disease are characterized by severe ...inflammation which may result in fatality by starvation. Two genotypes of T. gallinae were found to be widely distributed in different bird species all over the world. Differences in the host distribution and association with lesions of both genotypes have been reported. However, so far no distinct virulence factors of this parasite have been described and studies might suffer from possible co-infections of different genotypes. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed the virulence capacity of seven clones of the parasite, established by micromanipulation, representing the two most frequent genotypes. Clones of both genotypes caused the maximum score of virulence at day 3 post-inoculation in LMH cells, although significant higher cytopathogenic score was found in ITS-OBT-Tg-1 genotype clones at days 1 and 2, as compared to clones with ITS-OBT-Tg-2. By using one representative clone of each genotype, a comparative proteomic analysis of the membrane proteins enriched fraction has been carried out by a label free approach (Data available via ProteomeXchange: PXD013115). The analysis resulted in 302 proteins of varying abundance. In the clone with the highest initial virulence, proteins related to cell adhesion, such as an immuno-dominant variable surface antigen, a GP63-like protein, an armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat protein were found more abundant. Additionally, Ras superfamily proteins and calmodulins were more abundant, which might be related to an increased activity in the cytoskeleton re-organization. On the contrary, in the clone with the lowest initial virulence, larger numbers of the identified proteins were related to the carbohydrate metabolism. The results of the present work deliver substantial differences between both clones that could be related to feeding processes and morphological changes, similarly to the closely related pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
