It is well established that HIV infection can lead to motor/cognitive disorders in humans. A number of studies have shown that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques ...parallels many aspects of HIV disease in humans. The purpose of this study was to define further the SIV-infected rhesus macaque as a model of neuro-AIDS. Our objective was to detect movement-related impairments in behaviorally trained, SIV-infected macaques using both simple and choice reaction time tasks. Reaction times (RTs), movement times (MTs), and error types were examined. Nine monkeys were infected with neurovirulent strains of SIVmac, four of which served initially as controls before their inoculation. Seven of the nine monkeys developed simian AIDS within 4 months of inoculation (rapid progressors), while two monkeys survived for more than 1 year postinoculation (slow progressors). Of the rapid progressors, four exhibited slowed reaction times and six showed movement time slowing. One rapid progressor showed evidence of a strategy shift to overcome impaired motor abilities. Monkeys with rapidly progressing SIV-related disease consistently show behavioral abnormalities reflecting underlying neuronal injury. Although the slow progressors also showed RT and/or MT slowing, a role for nonspecific factors related to late-stage simian AIDS could not be ruled out in these cases. The results demonstrate that motor impairments associated with SIV infection in rhesus macaques can be detected using RT and MT measures, further establishing the SIVmac-infected macaque monkey as a viable model of neuro-AIDS.
Outplacement Edwards, Jean M; Rudisill, John R; Champney, Tim F ...
Consulting psychology journal,
1998, Letnik:
50, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Outplacement firms developed in response to corporate downsizings to assist former upper-level employees in seeking reemployment. An important question for practitioners who assist clients in ...outplacement is how the personal characteristics that clients bring to the situation influence their success in finding a new job. The present archival study examined demographic variables, previous job history, and personality characteristics as predictors of outplacement outcomes. Outplacement duration was predicted by previous income, and new earnings were predicted by previous earnings, sex, and years with previous employer. The need for prospective, longitudinal research that examines the coping process in outplacement is discussed.
Reports on research and educational findings using the Inventory of Cognitive Biases in Medicine (ICBM). The ICBM was administered to medical students as well as practicing physicians and ...susceptibility to cognitive bias was found to be substantial among both groups. Concludes that educational strategies in the classroom and clinical settings may lessen the problem. (AIM)
Last fall, the Editors of the journal Congestive Heart Failure, Drs. Marc Silver and John Strobeck, asked me to serve as Guest Editor for an issue of the journal. Accepting this honor was linked to ...the requirement that I had to generate a meaningful theme. The thought of delivering another series of articles on CHF trials and their interpretation, bench‐to‐bedside (and vice‐versa) topics in heart failure, and similar efforts did little to excite me and, in fact, it threatened to exacerbate my narcoleptic condition. Besides, we have many colleagues more skilled at delivering this information and they truly enjoy doing so.
We have fortunately entered the era of “evidence‐based medicine” this theme will likely remain with us for the entire lifetime of health care delivery. While most physicians have now joined this movement, it is remarkable how much of the day‐to‐day medical care of the patient with heart failure has not yet been addressed by statistically powered (i.e., evidence‐based) trials. Much (probably most) of what we do to keep patients as healthy and functional as possible is still based on our experience as clinicians and on the information shared by colleagues (personal contact, consultation, conferences, written material). It is not often that data from a large treatment trial assist me in determining the optimal dose of a drug or doses of combinations in an individual patient, in optimizing the immediate care and management of a complexly ill patient, in addressing the emergency phone call at 2 a.m., and so forth.
Until statistically powered trials can address all aspects and details of patient care, “experience‐based medicine” must fill the knowledge void. Unfortunately, much of this information is not available in textbooks, review articles, the Internet and other media. As the passionate fervor of evidence‐based medicine soars to its fever pitch, there will be even less incentive to share in print potentially helpful information based on clinical experience. In his submission to this issue, Thomas D. Giles, MD, wrote, “I am fearful that valuable contributions to patient care will be lost and sacrificed on the altar of ‘evidenced‐based’ medicine (usually referring to data from clinical trials). While I certainly believe that important concepts emanate from clinical trials, I also believe that there are other sources of guidance for the care of patients. The Reverend Bayes reminded us that intuition and prior experience are an integral part of the analysis of data.” Parenthetically, most of the questions addressed by trials and the design of trials are largely based on information gleaned from clinical experience.
It is in this spirit that the Editors, Drs. Silver and Strobeck, CHF, Inc., and I present to you the first installment in a four‐part series. The fuel for this project has both a historical and a pragmatic thrust; “it would be a shame” if we allowed our venerable colleagues to advance into the autumn of their careers or even retire without learning about their insights, thoughts, and passions regarding patient care, which grew out of decades of focused, intense clinical experience. Instead of less, we need to hear more from Drs. Chatterjee, Cohn, Armstrong, and colleagues.
This series is not intended to serve as a comprehensive treatise on the management of heart failure. In fact, the authors assume that the reader is reasonably well versed in this area of study and practice. The content of each author's submission was not substantially altered by the editors and staff. Any disagreements that we and fellow coauthors may have regarding any submission were set aside so as to allow a free and open rendering of views and opinions. We are asking you, the reader, to judge and decide for yourself which of the “nuggets and pearls” are palatable and useful in your practice and in the day‐to‐day care of your patients afflicted with heart failure.
To give you a better sense of the format and content of this series, I am sharing with you the directive I sent to each author in the letter of invitation:
I would like you to contribute a piece on helpful tips, suggestions, maneuvers, and approaches that have been helpful to you (and your patients) over the years in the evaluation, management, and therapy of CHF. Everything is fair game. Much of the material will not have been previously published and is certainly not yet evidence‐based. Basically, much of what we do in our day‐to‐day management of CHF patients is still related to simple clinical experience, doing what works, and our own ‘tricks of the trade.’ It is my intent to get these ideas, experiences, and thoughts into print. The publication should serve as a rich source of clinical insight, experience, and information, and perhaps will serve as a springboard for further studies and evidence‐generating trials. With the exception of the deadline, there are absolutely no rules (referring to the usual editorial instructions for authors) for your submission!
With the hundreds of heart failure experts located across this country and Canada, the selection of authors was a serious challenge. The selection targeted physician‐scientists with at least two decades of heart failure experience, a significant publication record of peer‐reviewed investigation in heart failure, and known, masterful clinical expertise in human heart failure at the bedside. Under the directive of the Guest Editor and taking advantage of my own lack of discretion, I added my name to the list of authors. A few of those invited could not contribute to the manuscript, thus accounting for the absence of certain authors. The Editors and I deeply apologize to those who were not invited to contribute because of our inadvertent oversight. If this venture is successful and well received, you are likely to be part of similar endeavors planned over the coming years.
The coauthors and I dedicate this collection of insights and views to our teachers, who have collectively consisted of our patients, students, colleagues, and mentors. I thank Dr. Silver and Dr. Strobeck for this honor, and I thank my esteemed coauthors and colleagues for making this an educational and enjoyable experience for me.
A job transition is a process involving a number of steps, including thinking about goals and skills, evaluating the potential job market, conducting the job search, managing personal reactions, and ...negotiating entry into the new organization. As both a common and impactful transition of modern life, it is important to examine the factors associated with coping with job transitions. Specifically, we would like to consider the societal changes in the current work context, and the research evidence indicating job transitions can be significant life stressors. We then examine the role that coping plays in the transition process, and outline our mediation model of antecedents, coping and outcomes. Case studies of job transitions at four points in the work-life are presented to illustrate the model. We search for common themes and issues in the process of job transitions across the work-life, and raise questions regarding how these may be uniquely played out at different points in an individual’s life. The implications for the professional’s role in helping individuals and organizations facilitate transitions are discussed. Finally, we present directions for future research.
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