Whereas the view that retirement would have negative effects on health is widespread, many existing studies may be biased because they do not sufficiently take into account the issue of reverse ...causation. Using a large longitudinal dataset for twelve Western European countries, this study uses an instrumental variables approach to assess effects of retirement on health.
Longitudinal data for the years 2009–2012 for 75,722 men and 63,911 women from twelve Western European countries are derived from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Health outcomes used in this study are self-rated health, activity limitations and chronic conditions. Country- and sex-specific early- and full-pension ages are used as instruments. Models were stratified by sex as well as educational levels to assess potential effect heterogeneity.
Results obtained from conventional random-effects models suggest that retired men and women have higher chances of reporting bad self-rated health, activity limitations as well as chronic conditions. However, using an instrumental variables (IV) approach the results suggest that retirement can lead to health improvements in self-reported health as well as activity limitations among men and women. The health improvements associated with retirement among men and women exist across all educational levels.
Contrary to several previous studies, the results suggest that retirement may have health preserving effects. The positive effects of retirement and health exist for low as well as high educated men and women.
•Conventional random-effects models suggest that retirees have worse health than workers.•These results are likely biased since health is a strong predictor of retirement.•Statutory retirement ages in several European countries are used as instruments.•Retirement leads to improvements in health among men and women.•Positive effects of retirement on health exist for low as well as high educated men and women.
Driven by the economics of scale, the size of reaction vessels as the major processing apparatus of the chemical industry has became bigger and bigger 1, 2. Consequently, the efforts for ensuring ...mixing and heat transfer have also increased, as these are scale dependent. This has brought vessel operation to (partly severe) technical limits, especially when controlling harsh conditions, e.g., due to large heat releases. Accordingly, processing at a very large scale has resulted in taming of the chemistry involved in order to slow it down to a technically controllable level. Therefore, reaction paths that already turned out too aggressive at the laboratory scale are automatically excluded for later scale‐up, which constitutes a common everyday confinement in exploiting chemical transformations. Organic chemists are barely conscious that even the small‐scale laboratory protocols in their textbooks contain many slow, disciplined chemical reactions. Operations such as adding a reactant drop by drop in a large diluted solvent volume have become second nature, but are not intrinsic to the good engineering of chemical reactions. These are intrinsic to the chemical apparatus used in the past. In contrast, today's process intensification 3–12 and the new flow‐chemistry reactors on the micro‐ and milli‐scale 13–39 allow such limitations to be overcome, and thus, enable a complete, ab‐initio type rethinking of the processes themselves. In this way, space‐time yields and the productivity of the reactor can be increased by orders of magnitude and other dramatic performance step changes can be achieved. A hand‐in‐hand design of the reactors and process re‐thinking is required to enable chemistry rather than subduing chemistry around the reactor 40. This often leads to making use of process conditions far from conventional practice, under harsh environments, a procedure named here as Novel Process Windows.
Driven by the economics of scale, reaction paths that already turned out too aggressive at the laboratory scale are automatically excluded for later scale‐up, which constitutes a common everyday confinement in exploiting chemical transformations. This review details a new method of process intensification via flow chemistry involving milli‐ and microreactors. This approach should lead to making use of process conditions far from conventional practice, under harsh environments, a procedure named here as Novel Process Windows.
•Various photo luminescent nanomaterials and quantum dots are discussed.•The syntheses in flow and cyclic reactors are discussed.•A literature review as well as perspectives are presented.
Quantum ...materials exhibit excellent optical properties. They are applied for displays, sensors, detectors of radiation, as well as in bioimaging and ion detection. Quantum materials change their optical properties depending on their size. Therefore the synthesis of monodisperse quantum materials is a prime goal. Many years ago microfluidics reactors have been proven to be an effective tool to produce functional materials on the nanometer scale and to synthesize nanomaterials with controllable morphology and customized properties. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent progress and perspectives in the microfluidic fabrication of quantum materials. In this paper, examples are shown to demonstrate how quantum materials, including semiconductor nanocrystals, carbon quantum dots, metal nanoparticles (especially metal clusters), rare earth doped nanophosphors, and fluorescent oxide, are fabricated, and their quality and properties are controlled. The review aims to serve as an instruction for the scientific as well as an industry research group interested in the field of quantum materials synthesis and scale-up production.
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying mTLE may involve defects in the post-transcriptional ...regulation of gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that control the expression of genes at the post-transcriptional level. Here, we performed a genome-wide miRNA profiling study to examine whether miRNA-mediated mechanisms are affected in human mTLE. miRNA profiles of the hippocampus of autopsy control patients and two mTLE patient groups were compared. This revealed segregated miRNA signatures for the three different patient groups and 165 miRNAs with up- or down-regulated expression in mTLE. miRNA in situ hybridization detected cell type-specific changes in miRNA expression and an abnormal nuclear localization of select miRNAs in neurons and glial cells of mTLE patients. Of several cellular processes implicated in mTLE, the immune response was most prominently targeted by deregulated miRNAs. Enhanced expression of inflammatory mediators was paralleled by a reduction in miRNAs that were found to target the 3′-untranslated regions of these genes in reporter assays. miR-221 and miR-222 were shown to regulate endogenous ICAM1 expression and were selectively co-expressed with ICAM1 in astrocytes in mTLE patients. Our findings suggest that miRNA changes in mTLE affect the expression of immunomodulatory proteins thereby further facilitating the immune response. This mechanism may have broad implications given the central role of astrocytes and the immune system in human neurological disease. Overall, this work extends the current concepts of human mTLE pathogenesis to the level of miRNA-mediated gene regulation.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory, debilitating follicular skin disease with recurring flare‐ups. The painful, deep‐seated, inflamed lesions in the inverse areas of the body cause ...severe discomfort, and hence, serious psycho‐social and economic costs. HS is common, but often misdiagnosed and mechanistically poorly understood. Furthermore, HS is notoriously difficult to treat resulting in a high unmet medical need. To provoke debate, rational experimentation and initiate strategic studies, we here present a concise viewpoint on seven topics: the diagnosis of HS, the role of mechanical friction, the critical importance of accurate clinical subgrouping, smoking and obesity, the role of bacteria, and our comprehensive view on HS pathogenesis with a central role for keratin clearance, and novel treatment approaches.
What's New in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Hessel, Eugene A.
Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia,
August 2019, 2019-Aug, 2019-08-00, 20190801, Letnik:
33, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This is a narrative review of recent articles (mainly published in 2017 and 2018) related to the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) that should be of interest to the cardiac anesthesiologist. ...Some of the topics covered include recent guidelines on temperature management, anticoagulation, perfusion practice, use of transesophageal echocardiography during CPB, optimal mean arterial pressure, vasoplegia, bleeding, perioperative anemia, post-cardiac surgery transfusion, acute kidney injury, delirium and cognitive decline, CPB during pregnancy, lung management, radial-to-femoral artery pressure gradients during CPB, prophylactic perioperative intra-aortic balloon pump, del Nido cardioplegia, antibiotic prophylaxis, and use of levosimendan in cardiac surgery. The review concludes with a perspective on the effect of these development on the practice of cardiac anesthesia.
Emerging adulthood has changed dramatically in the last 30 years, in part due to the widespread adoption of communication technology. Despite studies showing that youth in the United States are ...communicating with extended family using technology, research on online interactions with non-parental relatives is lacking. Framed by intergenerational solidarity theory, this study identifies subgroups of U.S. emerging adults (
N
= 532; 18–29 years old) based on eight indicators of connectedness with extended family. Latent class analysis revealed four group: (1) Highly connected (18%), (2) Distant; technologically connected (36%), (3) Close; technologically connected (17%), and (4) Distant (28%). Participants identified cousins and aunts/uncles most frequently as extended family. Results show that 72% of participants are connecting with extended family online, even when they do not feel close to them. Findings support the idea that technology could be the means by which extended family members continue to play a role in the lives of young adults, especially when they are not seeing them frequently in-person.
The use of bisphenol A (BPA) is restricted due to its reproductive toxicity and endocrine disrupting (ED) properties. The public concern and regulatory restrictions on BPA stimulated the development ...of alternative substances to replace BPA. The aim of this study is to review the available data on carcinogenic, mutagenic, reproductive toxicity, and ED properties of BPA alternatives used in consumer products. The focus is on the potential hazard for (young) children and/or pregnant women. An inventory of known potential alternative substances (n = 99) was made, of which 20 were prioritized based on reported use by the general population. For all the selected alternatives, data on ED potential, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity was very limited or even absent (i.e. Tefacid Stearic 95, Bisphenol C, AP, and P). For the alternative substances bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), p-tert-butylphenol and to a lesser extent bisphenol F (BPF), fluorine-9-bisphenol (BHPF), bisphenol E, M, and Z (BPE, BPM, BPZ), Irganox 1076, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), the data indicates a reproductive toxicity hazard with a possible ED mode of action. 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) tested positive for carcinogenicity. Data gaps are present for most of these substances. In this study, data on reproductive toxicity and/or ED potential were only negative, although not complete, for benzoic acid and Irganox 1010, tetra methyl bis phenol F (TMBPF) and bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP). A full evaluation of all data, including in vitro data, is recommended to guide targeted testing prioritization.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
50.
Gender, competitiveness, and career choices Buser, Thomas; Niederle, Muriel; Oosterbeek, Hessel
The Quarterly journal of economics,
08/2014, Letnik:
129, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Gender differences in competitiveness have been hypothesized as a potential explanation for gender differences in education and labor market outcomes. We examine the predictive power of a standard ...laboratory experimental measure of competitiveness for the later important choice of academic track of secondary school students in the Netherlands. Although boys and girls display similar levels of academic ability, boys choose substantially more prestigious academic tracks, where more prestigious tracks are more math- and science-intensive. Our experimental measure shows that boys are also substantially more competitive than girls. We find that competitiveness is strongly positively correlated with choosing more prestigious academic tracks even conditional on academic ability. Most important, we find that the gender difference in competitiveness accounts for a substantial portion (about 20%) of the gender difference in track choice.
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