Access to welfare services and social, infrastructural, cultural, and educational facilities is one of the major indicators of development in any planning unit. Hence, the analysis and comparison of ...access to these facilities are considered as one of the most important factors in determining the degree of development in each society. In order to, the main goal of this research was analyzing the regional development of Kurdistan province using sustainable urban development indices. This research is an applied study with respect to its goal, and a descriptive-analytical study with respect to its nature. It was also predominantly carried out with a quantitative approach. The statistical population for this research included 10 cities of Kurdistan province that were ranked using six indices in the form of 61 criteria extracted from the 2016 statistical yearbook. Analyses were conducted using the VIKOR, TOPSIS, SAW, and Copeland techniques to integrate the results. The findings show that the cities of Kurdistan province are not in a good status in terms of the development indices, and there are large disparities in these cities in the economic, infrastructural, educational, health, cultural, and well-being dimensions, so that only the Sanandaj city was considered as a developed area. Also, four cities were semi-privileged (half-developed), while five cities were deprived of development.
Paal–Knorr pyrrole synthesis was performed in the presence of superparamagnetic nanoparticles of modified sulfuric acid (γ-Fe
2
O
3
@SiO
2
-OSO
3
H) as an efficient and magnetically separable ...catalyst. Recovery of the catalyst was simple using a magnet, allowing its reuse without significant loss of its catalytic activity (over five cycles).
Graphical Abstract
Over the past several decades, the fabrication of novel ceramic nanofibers applicable in different areas has been a frequent focus of scientists around the world. Aiming to introduce novel ceramic ...core-shell nanofibers as a magnetic solid acid catalyst, Fe2O3@SiO2–SO3H magnetic nanofibers were prepared in this study using a modification of Fe2O3@SiO2 core-shell nanofibers with chlorosulfonic acid to increase the acidic properties of these ceramic nanofibers. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The prepared nanofibers were used as catalysts in formamide and formamidine synthesis. The treatment of aqueous formic acid using diverse amines with a catalytic amount of Fe2O3@SiO2–SO3H nanofibers as a reusable, magnetic and heterogeneous catalyst produced high yields of corresponding formamides at room temperature. Likewise, the reaction of diverse amines with triethyl orthoformate led to the synthesis of formamidine derivatives in excellent yields using this novel catalyst. The catalytic system was able to be recovered and reused at least five times without any catalytic activity loss. Thus, novel core-shell nanofibers can act as efficient solid acid catalysts in different organic reactions capable of being reused several times due to their easy separation by applying magnet.
Core-shell nanofibers; Fe2O3@SiO2–SO3H; Electrospinning; Nano catalyst; Formamidine; Formamide
Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH three-components microsphere contains a Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic core and a layered double hydroxide with nickel cation provide the binding ability to (His)-tagged-protein and exhibits ...high performance in protein separation and purification. The morphology and chemistry of the synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH microspheres were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS). Purified enzyme was assesed with SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. In this study, the separation of phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) by Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl -LDH was performed and the effect of microsphere was investigated on the kinetic and structural properties of PheDH. After purification, kinetic parameters such as Km, Vmax, Kcat, kcat/Km, optimum temperature, thermal stability, and and activation energy were evaluated and compared according to the mentioned methods. The interaction between the enzyme and the microsphere displayed a high performance in protein binding capacity. The results also revealed that the kinetic parameters of the enzyme changed in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of a microsphere. Moreover, the results of intrinsic fluorescence and Circular Dichroism (CD) confirmed the structural changes of the protein in the interaction with the microsphere.
In this work, we have exhibited high binding capacity of the phenylalanin dehydrogenase protein with Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH microsphere, also we have compared kinetic parameters of phenylalanine dehydrogenase in presence of Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH microsphere such as Kcat, kcat/km, km, Vm, thermal stability, optimum temperature and activation energy by utilizing the spectroscopic method. Also, it has been important to phenylalanine dehydrogenase protein purification via a simple process and using magnetic nanomaterials some advantages such as being readily available, and inexpensive. Display omitted
•The Protein separation is demonstrated using the high protein binding ability with (Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH) magnetic nanoparticles.•The kinetic and thermochemical parameters of phenylalanine dehydrogenase are compared in presence of Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH microsphere•Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH microsphere can be used to separate His-tagged proteins.
One of the important challenges after the biodiesel production is the purification process to the extent that satisfies the international standard norms. A lot of research has been carried out on ...removal of impurities in biodiesel. However, there is lack of knowledge on the effect of DESs on the color changes of biodiesel after the purification process. Therefore, this research aims at biodiesel purification process optimization and investigating its color change using ChCl:Eg. In order to improve the biodiesel purification process and enhance the biodiesel yield and color quality, process parameters including the purification time (
X
1
) and DES:biodiesel molar ratio (
X
2
) were optimized, using the response surface methodology approach based on the Box-Behnken (BBD) experimental design. The model predicted the biodiesel yield to be 96.73% and its color parameter values (
L
*
,
a
*
,
b
*
) to be 57.28, − 0.24, and 58.12, respectively. Plot analysis showed that increasing purification time and DES:biodiesel molar ratio increased
L
*
of the biodiesel color but decreased the
a
*
and
b
*
of biodiesel color. The application of ChCl:Eg (1:2) at optimum conditions of purification time 33.91 and DES:biodiesel (1:1) to achieve a commercial biodiesel with value > 96.5% ester content and removal of impurities such as pigments (red and orange) after the biodiesel purification is clearly justified.
Graphical abstract
In this study, the surface of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe
3
O
4
@SiO
2
) were successfully functionalized by an organic ligand of 1, 4-Diazabicyclo2.2.2octane (DABCO)-sulfonic acid and ...used as a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1, 2, 3-triazoles from the benzyl alcohol derivatives, nitromethane and sodium azide in ethanol. Furthermore, this catalyst could be recovered and reused five times without noticeable loss of activity.
Graphic Abstract
Fe
3
O
4
@SiO
2
@TCT-DABCO-SO
3
H nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and used as a novel, recyclable, efficient and heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1, 2, 3-triazoles.
In this paper, diphenyl phosphate creatine was successfully immobilized on Fe
3
O
4
nanoparticles and used as the highly efficient catalyst for the aza-Michael reaction of 5-substituted tetrazole and ...α,β-unsaturated carbonyl. The prepared nanocatalyst was fully analyzed by various techniques such as Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). This procedure possesses numerous advantages such as simple work-up, high yield and short reaction times.
Graphic abstract
This paper discusses a method for the synthesis of substituted tetrazoles
via
aza-Michael reaction using Fe
3
O
4
@Diphenyl phosphate creatine nanoparticles as a new catalyst.
K2CO3/Glycerin as a deep eutectic solvent (DES) was anchored covalently onto functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and showed a significant activity towards the oxidation of various alcohols under ...mild conditions with a short reaction time and good to high yield. A combination of the magnetic nanoparticles and deep eutectic solvent offers a novel, green, reusable catalyst with easy separation. Also, the catalyst structure was well characterized using techniques such as FT‐IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TGA, BET, VSM, TEM, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS).
K2CO3/Glycerine as a deep eutectic solvent was anchored covalently onto magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 core‐shell nanoparticles. This heterogeneous catalyst was effectively used for the selective oxidation of alcohols to corresponding carbonyl products with up to 95 % yields.
In this research, four cholines supported on core–shell iron oxides, Fe
2
O
3
@MgO@Ch.OAc (choline acetate), Fe
2
O
3
@MgO@Ch.OH (choline hydroxide), Fe
3
O
4
@Ch.OAc, Fe
3
O
4
@Ch.OH, were ...synthesized. The synthesized catalysts were tested in 1,2,3-triazoles synthesis by the reaction of nitromethane, aldehyde, and benzyl azide in EtOH as a green solvent. Among four synthesized heterogeneous catalysts, the Fe
2
O
3
@MgO@ch.OAc showed superior catalytic activity for the reaction and afforded the desired triazoles in good isolated yields under mild reaction conditions.
Graphic Abstract
•Silver supported manganese ferrite nanoparticleswere synthesized and characterized.•Acceptorless dehydrogenative oxidation and reduction of nitro arenes.•Recyclable by magnetic decantation in 5 ...consecutive cycles.
A novel silver nano magnetic catalyst was devised for dehydrogenative oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic alcohols to the corresponding acid with water as the sole oxygen source and hydrogen gas as the only by-product. The designed catalytic system advantages from easy recovery of magnetic materials i.e. magnetic decantation, being economically viable and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the catalytic reaction is able to reduce aryl nitro compounds in the absence of any reducing agent.
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![1, 4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0974-3626/small "1, 4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-sulfonic acid immobilized on magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles: a novel and recyclable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1, 2, 3-triazoles")
