Display omitted
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth ...most abundant component of human milk after water, lipids, and lactose and yet provide no direct nutritional value to the infant. Recent research has highlighted that HMOs have various functional roles to play in infant development. These sugars act as prebiotics by promoting growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria thereby generating short-chain fatty acids which are critical for gut health. HMOs also directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses and can selectively reduce binding of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to the gut epithelium preventing the emergence of a disease. This review covers current knowledge related to the functional biology of HMOs and their associated impact on infant gut health.
The present study was conducted to obtain a comprehensive overview of oligosaccharides present in the milk of a variety of important domestic animals including cows, goats, sheep, pigs, horses and ...dromedary camels. Using an analytical workflow that included ultra-performance liquid chromatography–hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight MS, detailed oligosaccharide libraries were established. The partial or full characterisation of the neutral/fucosylated, phosphorylated and sialylated structures was facilitated by sequencing with linkage- and sugar-specific exoglycosidases. Relative peak quantification of the 2-aminobenzamide-labelled oligosaccharides provided additional information. Milk from domestic animals contained a much larger variety of complex oligosaccharides than was previously assumed, and thirteen of these structures have been identified previously in human milk. The direct comparison of the oligosaccharide mixtures reflects their role in the postnatal maturation of different types of gastrointestinal systems, which, in this way, are prepared for certain post-weaning diets. The potential value of animal milk for the commercial extraction of oligosaccharides to be used in human and animal health is highlighted.
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that milk oligosaccharides may contribute not only to selective growth of bifidobacteria, but also to their specific adhesive ability. Human milk ...oligosaccharides (3'sialyllactose and 6'sialyllactose) and a commercial prebiotic (Beneo Orafti P95; oligofructose) were assayed for their ability to promote adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 to HT-29 and Caco-2 human intestinal cells. Treatment with the commercial prebiotic or 3'sialyllactose did not enhance adhesion. However, treatment with 6'sialyllactose resulted in increased adhesion (4.7 fold), while treatment with a mixture of 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose substantially increased adhesion (9.8 fold) to HT-29 intestinal cells. Microarray analyses were subsequently employed to investigate the transcriptional response of B. longum subsp. infantis to the different oligosaccharide treatments. This data correlated strongly with the observed changes in adhesion to HT-29 cells. The combination of 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose resulted in the greatest response at the genetic level (both in diversity and magnitude) followed by 6'sialyllactose, and 3'sialyllactose alone. The microarray data was further validated by means of real-time PCR. The current findings suggest that the increased adherence phenotype of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis resulting from exposure to milk oligosaccharides is multi-faceted, involving transcription factors, chaperone proteins, adhesion-related proteins, and a glycoside hydrolase. This study gives additional insight into the role of milk oligosaccharides within the human intestine and the molecular mechanisms underpinning host-microbe interactions.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Bifidobacteria are associated with a host of health benefits and are typically dominant in the gut microbiota of healthy, breast-fed infants. A key adaptation, facilitating the establishment of these ...species, is their ability to consume particular sugars, known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), which are abundantly found in breastmilk. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the co-operative metabolism of four commercial infant-derived bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, and Bifidobacterium infantis M-63) when grown on HMO. Three different HMO substrates (2'-fucosyllactose alone and oligosaccharides isolated from human milk representing non-secretor and secretor status) were employed. The four-strain combination resulted in increased bifidobacterial numbers (> 21%) in comparison to single strain cultivation. The relative abundance of B. breve increased by > 30% during co-cultivation with the other strains despite demonstrating limited ability to assimilate HMO in mono-culture. HPLC analysis revealed strain-level variations in HMO consumption. Metabolomics confirmed the production of formate, acetate, 1,2-propanediol, and lactate with an overall increase in such metabolites during co-cultivation. These results support the concept of positive co-operation between multiple bifidobacterial strains during HMO utilisation which may result in higher cell numbers and a potentially healthier balance of metabolites.
Adhesion of pathogens is required for colonization and subsequent development of disease, and when adhered, they are more likely to survive, as their resistance to cleansing mechanisms, bacteriolytic ...enzymes and antibiotics is higher than in the free state. Therefore, prevention of adhesion at an early stage after exposure of the host should prevent disease. Many oligosaccharides from human milk are considered to be soluble receptor analogues of epithelial cell surface carbohydrates; they display structural homology to host cell receptors and thus function as receptor decoys to which pathogens bind instead of to the host. Most research in this area has focused on human milk oligosaccharides; however, the techniques used can readily be applied to the investigation of oligosaccharides produced in other milk types, e.g., milk of domestic animals. These milk types may therefore become an attractive source of anti-adhesive oligosaccharides with potential for future incorporation into functional foods.
Most secreted and cell membrane proteins in mammals are glycosylated. Many of these glycoproteins are also prevalent in milk and play key roles in the biomodulatory properties of milk and ultimately ...in determining milk's nutritional quality. Although a significant amount of information exists on the types and roles of free oligosaccharides in milk, very little is known about the glycans associated with milk glycoproteins, in particular, the biological properties that are linked to their presence. The main glycoproteins found in bovine milk are lactoferrin, the immunoglobulins, glycomacropeptide, a glycopeptide derived from κ-casein, and the glycoproteins of the milk fat globule membrane. Here, we review the glycoproteins present in bovine milk, the information currently available on their glycosylation and the biological significance of their oligosaccharide chains.
Oligosaccharides are the third most abundant component in human milk. It is widely accepted that they play several important protective, physiological, and biological roles, including selective ...growth stimulation of beneficial gut microbiota, inhibition of pathogen adhesion, and immune modulation. However, until recently, very few commercial products on the market have capitalized on these functions. This is mainly because the quantities of human milk oligosaccharides required for clinical trials have been unavailable. Recently, clinical studies have tested the potential beneficial effects of feeding infants formula containing 2′-fucosyllactose, which is the most abundant oligosaccharide in human milk. These studies have opened this field for further well-designed studies, which are required to fully understand the role of human milk oligosaccharides. However, one of the most striking features of human milk is its diversity of oligosaccharides, with over 200 identified to date. It may be that a mixture of oligosaccharides is even more beneficial to infants than a single structure. For this reason, the milk of domestic animals has become a focal point in recent years as an alternative source of complex oligosaccharides with associated biological activity. This review will focus specifically on free oligosaccharides found in bovine and caprine milk and the biological roles associated with such structures. These dairy streams are ideal sources of oligosaccharides, given their wide availability and use in so many regularly consumed dairy products. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of research into the functional role of bovine and caprine milk oligosaccharides in host–microbial interactions in the gut and provide current knowledge related to the isolation of oligosaccharides as ingredients for incorporation in functional or medical foods.
Food carbohydrates are macronutrients that are found in fruits, grains, vegetables, and milk products. These organic compounds are present in foods in the form of sugars, starches, and fibers and are ...composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These wide ranging macromolecules can be classified according to their chemical structure into three major groups: low molecular weight mono- and disaccharides, intermediate molecular weight oligosaccharides, and high molecular weight polysaccharides. Notably, the digestibility of specific carbohydrate components differ and nondigestible carbohydrates can reach the large intestine intact where they act as food sources for beneficial bacteria. In this review, we give an overview of advances made in food carbohydrate analysis. Overall, this review indicates the importance of carbohydrate analytical techniques in the quest to identify and isolate health-promoting carbohydrates to be used as additives in the functional foods industry.
Probiotics and phytobiotics have demonstrated effective improvement of gut health in broiler chickens when individually administered in-ovo. However, their combined use in-ovo, has not been studied ...to date. We coined the term “prophybiotic” (probiotic + phytobiotic) for such a combination. The current study therefore, aimed to elucidate the effects of combined use of a selected probiotic and a phytobiotic in-ovo, on broiler gut health and production parameters, as opposed to use of probiotics alone. ROSS 308 hatching eggs were injected with either Leuconostoc mesenteroides (probiotic: PB) or L. mesenteroides with garlic aqueous extract (prophyiotic: PPB) on the 12th day of incubation. Relative abundances of bacteria in feces and cecal content (qPCR), immune related gene expression in cecal mucosa (qPCR) and histomorphology of cecal tissue (PAS staining) were analyzed along with production parameters (hatch quality, body weight, feed efficiency and slaughter and meat quality). PPB treatment increased the abundance of faecalibacteria and bifidobacteria in feces (d 7) and Akkermansia sp. in cecal content. Moreover, it decreased Escherichia coli abundance in both feces (d 34) and cecal content. PB treatment only increased the faecalibacteria in feces (d 7) and Akkermansia sp. in the cecal content. Moreover, PPB treatment resulted in up-regulation of immune related genes (Avian beta defensing 1, Free fatty acid receptor 2 and Mucin 6) and increased the crypt depth in ceca whereas PB treatment demonstrated a higher crypt depth and a tendency to increase Mucin 6 gene expression. Both treatments did not impair the production parameters studied. In conclusion, our results suggest that in-ovo PPB treatment may have enhanced potential in boosting the immune system without compromising broiler production and efficiency, as compared to the use of probiotic alone. Our study, highlights the potential of carefully selected PPB combinations for better results in improving gut health of broiler chickens.
Campylobacter
and
Salmonella
are the two most prominent foodborne zoonotic pathogens reported in the European Union. As poultry is one of the major sources of these pathogens, it is imperative to ...mitigate the colonization of these pathogens in poultry. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have demonstrated anti-
Salmonella
and anti-
Campylobacter
characteristics to varying degrees and spectrums which are attributed to the production of various metabolites. However, the production of these compounds and consequent antimicrobial properties are highly strain dependent. Therefore, the current study was performed to select a potent LAB and determine its causal attribute in inhibiting
Salmonella enterica
and
Campylobacter jejuni
,
in-vitro
. Six LAB (
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
(LP),
Lacticaseibacillus casei
(LC),
Limosilactobacillus reuteri
(LR),
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
(LRh),
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
(LM) and
Pediococcus pentosaceus
(PP)) and three serovars of
Salmonella enterica
(Typhimurium, Enterica and Braenderup) and
Campylobacter jejuni
were used in the current study. Spot overlays, well diffusion, co-culture and co-aggregation assays against
Salmonella
and well diffusion assays against
Campylobacter jejuni
were performed. Organic acid profiling of culture supernatants was performed using HPLC. The results indicated that LRh, LM and PP had the most significant anti-
Salmonella
effects while LP, LC, LM and PP displayed the most significant anti-
Campylobacter
effects. Lactic acid and formic acid detected in the culture supernatants seem the most likely source of the anti-
Salmonella
and anti-
Campylobacter
effects exhibited by these LAB. In conclusion,
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
displayed the most significant overall anti-pathogenic effects when compared to the other LAB strains studied, indicating its potential application
in-vivo
.
PDF
