Phanerochaete chrysosporium treatment is less effective as a biological pretreatment on feedstock with larger particle sizes. We hypothesized that the improved effectiveness of the pretreatment when ...smaller particle sizes are used may be due to the inherently higher bulk density with smaller particle sizes. The effects of substrate bulk density and particle size on the efficacy of P. chrysosporium pretreatment of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) was tested experimentally. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was grown on senesced switchgrass (2 different particle sizes) with various bulk densities. In all treatments, the fungal-pretreated samples released more glucose during enzymatic saccharification than the control sample. Substrate bulk density was a statistically significant factor in explaining the variation in the amount of glucose released per gram of substrate used. However, the particle size was not found to be a significant factor. On-farm switchgrass pretreatment may not require particle size reduction if the switchgrass is supplied in high-density bales.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
1-Alkenylbenzocyclobutenols, prepared from benzocyclobutenones
via the addition of alkenyl Grignard reagents or the addition of alkynyllithium reagents followed by (
E)-selective reduction, undergo ...successive thermal 4π and 6π electrocyclisations to give substituted 3,4-dihydro-1(2
H)-naphthalenones. An analogous sequence gave 3,4,-dihydro-1(2
H)-anthracenone from naphthobcyclobuten-1(2
H)-one.
1-Alkenylhenzocyclobuten-1-ols, prepared from benzocyclobutenones
via the addition of alkynyllithium reagents and hydride reduction, undergo sequential 4π and 6π electrocyclic reactions leading to 3,4-dihyclro-1(2
H)- naphthalenones.
The linear mixed-effects model effect size (mean divided by standard error) of 90 patients with functional seizures (FS) compared to 576 seizure-naïve and psychiatric controls on cortical thickness ...in each region of interest on a cortical surface map. After Bonferroni–Holm correction, only bilateral superior temporal thinning and left lateral occipital thickening were significant.
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•Structural correlates of functional seizures exist, but are inconsistent.•We examined MRI morphometry in 90 FS versus 576 psychiatric- and other- controls.•Differences were in superior temporal and occipital cortex, and cerebellum.•Magnetic resonance imaging quality was lower in FS, but this did not account for differences.•Further comparison to other relevant populations is needed.
Functional seizures (FS), also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), are physical manifestations of acute or chronic psychological distress. Functional and structural neuroimaging have identified objective signs of this disorder. We evaluated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometry differed between patients with FS and clinically relevant comparison populations.
Quality-screened clinical-grade MRIs were acquired from 666 patients from 2006 to 2020. Morphometric features were quantified with FreeSurfer v6. Mixed-effects linear regression compared the volume, thickness, and surface area within 201 regions-of-interest for 90 patients with FS, compared to seizure-naïve patients with depression (n = 243), anxiety (n = 68), and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD, n = 41), respectively, and to other seizure-naïve controls with similar quality MRIs, accounting for the influence of multiple confounds including depression and anxiety based on chart review. These comparison populations were obtained through review of clinical records plus research studies obtained on similar scanners.
After Bonferroni–Holm correction, patients with FS compared with seizure-naïve controls exhibited thinner bilateral superior temporal cortex (left 0.053 mm, p = 0.014; right 0.071 mm, p = 0.00006), thicker left lateral occipital cortex (0.052 mm, p = 0.0035), and greater left cerebellar white-matter volume (1085 mm3, p = 0.0065). These findings were not accounted for by lower MRI quality in patients with FS.
These results reinforce prior indications of structural neuroimaging correlates of FS and, in particular, distinguish brain morphology in FS from that in depression, anxiety, and OCD. Future work may entail comparisons with other psychiatric disorders including bipolar and schizophrenia, as well as exploration of brain structural heterogeneity within FS.
Paclitaxel, an anti-microtubule agent, is an effective chemotherapeutic drug in breast cancer. Nonetheless, resistance to paclitaxel remains a major clinical challenge. The need to better understand ...the resistant phenotype and to find biomarkers that could predict tumor response to paclitaxel is evident. In estrogen receptor α-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells, phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (CAV1) on Tyr-14 facilitates mitochondrial apoptosis by increasing BCL2 phosphorylation in response to low dose paclitaxel (10 nm). However, two variants of CAV1 exist: the full-length form, CAV1α (wild-type CAV1 or wtCAV1), and a truncated form, CAV1β. Only wtCAV1 has the Tyr-14 region at the N terminus. The precise cellular functions of CAV1 variants are unknown. We now show that CAV1 variants play distinct roles in paclitaxel-mediated cell death/survival. CAV1β expression is increased in paclitaxel-resistant cells when compared with sensitive cells. Expression of CAV1β in sensitive cells significantly reduces their responsiveness to paclitaxel. These activities reflect an essential role for Tyr-14 phosphorylation because wtCAV1 expression, but not a phosphorylation-deficient mutant (Y14F), inactivates BCL2 and BCLxL through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). MCF-7 cells that express Y14F are resistant to paclitaxel and are resensitized by co-treatment with ABT-737, a BH3-mimetic small molecule inhibitor. Using structural homology modeling, we propose that phosphorylation on Tyr-14 enables a favorable conformation for proteins to bind to the CAV1 scaffolding domain. Thus, we highlight novel roles for CAV1 variants in cell death; wtCAV1 promotes cell death, whereas CAV1β promotes cell survival by preventing inactivation of BCL2 and BCLxL via JNK in paclitaxel-mediated apoptosis.
Phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (CAV1) on Tyr-14 facilitates apoptosis by inactivating BCL2 in response to paclitaxel.
Wild-type CAV1 (wtCAV1), but not the phosphorylation-deficient mutant (Y14F), inactivates BCL2 and BCLxL through activation of JNK.
Inhibition of CAV1 phosphorylation confers paclitaxel resistance because it cannot inhibit BCL2 and BCLxL.
Knowledge of CAV1 variant-specific function is necessary to determine its precise role(s) in cancer progression.
Background and Aims
To reduce hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID), Scottish Government‐funded national strategies, launched in 2008, promoted scaling‐up opioid ...substitution therapy (OST) and needle and syringe provision (NSP), with some increases in HCV treatment. We test whether observed decreases in HCV incidence post‐2008 can be attributed to this intervention scale‐up.
Design
A dynamic HCV transmission model among PWID incorporating intervention scale‐up and observed decreases in behavioural risk, calibrated to Scottish HCV prevalence and incidence data for 2008/09.
Setting
Scotland, UK.
Participants
PWID.
Measurements
Model projections from 2008 to 2015 were compared with data to test whether they were consistent with observed decreases in HCV incidence among PWID while incorporating the observed intervention scale‐up, and to determine the impact of scaling‐up interventions on incidence.
Findings
Without fitting to epidemiological data post‐2008/09, the model incorporating observed intervention scale‐up agreed with observed decreases in HCV incidence among PWID between 2008 and 2015, suggesting that HCV incidence decreased by 61.3% 95% credibility interval (CrI) = 45.1–75.3% from 14.2/100 person‐years (py) (9.0–20.7) to 5.5/100 py (2.9–9.2). On average, each model fit lay within 84% (10.1/12) of the confidence bounds for the 12 incidence data points against which the model was compared. We estimate that scale‐up of interventions (OST + NSP + HCV treatment) and decreases in high‐risk behaviour from 2008 to 2015 resulted in a 33.9% (23.8–44.6%) decrease in incidence, with the remainder 27.4% (17.6–37.0%) explained by historical changes in OST + NSP coverage and risk pre‐2008. Projections suggest that scaling‐up of all interventions post‐2008 averted 1492 (657–2646) infections over 7 years, with 1016 (308–1996), 404 (150–836) and 72 (27–137) due to scale‐up of OST + NSP, decreases in high‐risk behaviour and HCV treatment, respectively.
Conclusions
Most of the decline in hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in Scotland between 2008 and 2015 appears to be attributable to intervention scale‐up (opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe provision) due to government strategies on HCV and drugs.
A third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) may be administered for various reasons, but data on long-term immunity are limited. We assessed neutralizing antibody levels against measles and ...rubella among adults up to 11 years after receipt of a third MMR dose.
In this longitudinal study, healthy adults who received a third MMR dose as young adults (ages 18-28 years) were recalled around 5 years and 9-11 years after the third dose. Measles and rubella antibody levels were assessed by plaque-reduction and immunocolorimetric neutralization assays, respectively. Antibody concentrations <120 mIU/mL and <10 U/mL were considered potentially susceptible to measles and rubella, respectively. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) over time were estimated from generalized estimating equation models.
Approximately 5 and 9-11 years after receipt of the third dose, 405 and 304 adults were assessed, respectively. Measles GMC was 428 mIU/mL (95% CI, 392-468 mIU/mL) 5 years postvaccination, declining to 381 mIU/mL (95% CI, 339-428 mIU/mL) 11 years postvaccination. At the last follow-up visit (9-11 years postvaccination), 10% of participants were potentially susceptible to measles infection. Rubella GMCs were stable throughout the follow-up period (63 U/mL to 65 U/mL); none of the participants was susceptible to rubella at the last follow-up visit.
Eleven years after receiving a third MMR dose, measles and rubella neutralizing antibody levels remained high in adults. However, on the basis of waning antibody levels, some adults may become susceptible to measles infection over time despite receipt of 3 vaccine doses.
Powdered rocks are commonly present at the surface of extraterrestrial bodies and are widely analysed by in situ space probes. Moreover, a number of rovers exploring the surface of Mars are equipped ...with drills enabling them to access unaltered material and collect samples. During drilling operations, a cone of powder made of the drilled materials forms at the surface. These powders will be particularly large during the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars 2022 mission since the rover Rosalind Franklin will drill to 2 m depth below the Martian surface. These fines are generally observed by the rovers' cameras after the drilling process and analysed by a limited range of instruments. In order to maximise the scientific return of planetary missions to Mars and other bodies in the solar system, we propose to use the images taken by rover cameras to identify the composition of the powdered materials. This could be particularly useful during the ExoMars 2022 mission where the CLUPI camera will take pictures during drilling and could thus document changes in the regolith composition (Josset et al., 2017). In the absence of a controlled light source, we used an image processing method called CaliPhoto that we previously developed for generic purposes. To test the ability of the method to identify volcanic rocks, more than twenty Mars-analogue samples were crushed at various grain sizes and photographed. The images were then processed via the CaliPhoto method and used to construct a database of reference images. New images were then taken under different lighting conditions, processed using the same method, and compared to the database. We show that it is possible to estimate igneous rock powder lithology with greater than 90% accuracy considering the uncertainties. Furthermore, when using images of polished and powdered samples, identification reaches 100%. We also show that the method permits precise lithological identification of samples that are not in the initial database. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed method is extremely efficient, while at the same time very easy to implement on any in situ space probe. It could thus be used to help in identifying powdered igneous rocks during future missions to Mars or other rocky body in the solar system.
À partir des années 2000, le Maroc a connu une vague de publications écrites dans une langue prétendument orale : l’arabe marocain ( dārija ). Cet article examine l’idéologie linguistique qui ...sous-tendait ces textes en se concentrant sur les militants linguistiques qui les ont produits. À travers une analyse de leur rhétorique, je montre comment les militants ont construit discursivement les Marocains comme des « schizophrènes linguistiques » souffrant d’une méconnaissance fondamentale de l’arabe standard ( fuṣḥā ) comme « langue maternelle ». Dans ce contexte, les militants considéraient les textes en dārija , la « vraie langue maternelle » des Marocains, comme des remèdes ayant le pouvoir de réveiller les Marocains à leurs contradictions linguistiques – et aux contradictions sociétales.
The definitive edition of Thomas Jefferson's papers from the end of his presidency until his death continues with Volume Two, which covers the period from 16 November 1809 to 11 August 1810. Both ...incoming and outgoing letters are included, totaling 518 documents printed in full. General themes include Jefferson's financial troubles, which eventually led him to loan himself a large sum of money he was managing for Tadeusz Kosciuszko; his preparations to face a lawsuit stemming from his decision as president to remove Edward Livingston from a valuable property in New Orleans; other legal complications involving his landholdings and the settlement of estates he had inherited long before; his plans to breed merino sheep and share them gratis with his fellow Virginians; and his ongoing interest in the Republican party's success. Highlights include a long list of books on agriculture that Jefferson probably compiled to guide the Library of Congress in its purchases; descriptions of inventions by Robert Fulton and more obscure figures such as the New Orleans engineer Godefroi Du Jareau; Jefferson's draft letter criticizing the Quakers as unpatriotic, much of which he later deleted; the letter in which he ordered a set of silver tumblers that have become known as the Jefferson Cups; and an important treatise on taxation by the distinguished French political economist Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, published here for the first time.
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