Japan introduced a nationwide long-term care insurance (LTCI) system in 2000, making long-term care (LTC) a right for older adults regardless of income and family availability. To shed light on its ...implications for family caregiving, we investigated perceived filial obligation norms among coresident primary family caregivers before and after the policy change.
Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine changes in perceived filial obligation norms and its subdimensions (financial, physical, and emotional support), using 2-wave panel survey data of coresident primary family caregivers (N = 611) in 1 city. The baseline survey was conducted in 1999, and a follow-up survey 2 years later.
On average, perceived filial obligation norms declined (p < .05). Daughters-in-law had the most significant declines (global and physical: p < .01, emotional: p < .05) among family caregivers. In particular, physical support, which Japan's LTC reform targeted, declined significantly among daughters and daughters-in-law (p < .01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that daughters-in-law had significantly lower perceived filial obligation norms after the policy introduction than sons and daughters (p < .01 and p < .05, respectively), controlling for the baseline filial obligation and situational factors.
Our research indicates declining roles of daughters-in-law in elder care during Japan's LTCI system implementation period. Further international efforts are needed to design and implement longitudinal studies that help promote understanding of the interplay among national LTC policies, social changes, and caregiving norms and behaviors.
Abstract
Scintillation detector is widely used for the particle detection in the field of particle physics.
Particle detectors containing fluorine-19 (
1
9F) are known to have advantages for Weakly ...Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) dark matter search, especially for spin-dependent interactions with WIMPs due to its spin structure.
In this study, the scintillation properties of carbontetrafluoride (CF
4
) gas at low temperature were evaluated because its temperature dependence of light yield has not been measured.
We evaluated the light yield by cooling the gas from room temperature (300 K) to 263 K.
As a result, the light yield of CF
4
was found to increase by (41.0 ± 4.0
stat.
± 6.6
syst.
)% and the energy resolution was also found to improve at low temperature.
Our case was a 70-year-old male (height: 168 cm, weight: 74.3 kg) with polypharmacy (total 15 drugs including 10 tablets) who was treated for HIV infection. His dosing schedule of raltegravir was ...changed from BID (a 400 mg tablet, twice) to QD (2x600 mg tablet, once). After a month,
we found that he miss-took raltegravir for 1x600 mg tablet at once. His HIV-1 RNA increased from undetectable levels to < 20 copies per mL. Pharmaceutical companies should therefore carefully consider swallowing difficulties in old patients, such as by reformulating medications so that
only one dosing is required per day and decreasing the size of tablets to 7-8 mm in diameter or orally distinguish tablet.
Parallel operating systems of voltage source inverters with other inverters or with the utility source are sensitive to disturbances from the load or other sources and can easily be damaged by ...overcurrent. Thus extremely careful attention should be given to the system design of parallel operating inverters. Types of system configuration, control methods, and means of protection against failure are summarized, and several methods are proposed. Features and problems of these systems are discussed.< >
Recently, high density optical recording systems like BD (Blu-ray disc) have been standardized regarding a PRML (partial response maximum likelihood) signal processing technology, which has been ...thoroughly investigated on high density magnetic recording channels for many years. In order to gain a margin of optical disc drives, PFML (path-feedback maximum likelihood), which is also known as adaptive Viterbi, has been also developed in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new signal processing system, which equalizes the waveform causally, enhances the performance of the PFML detector and provides a stable PLL (phase locked loop) towards much higher density formats than standard BDs.
Coarctation of the aorta: MR imaging von Schulthess, G K; Higashino, S M; Higgins, S S ...
Radiology,
02/1986, Letnik:
158, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Thirteen patients, aged 3-31 years, with coarctation of the thoracic aorta were examined by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (total of 14 studies). Eight studies were performed preoperatively and six ...postoperatively. Catheterization data were available on 12 patients for verification of MR imaging findings. Electrocardiographically gated sagittal and left anterior oblique images best depicted the coarctations; however, involvement of arch vessels was best evaluated on transaxial images. MR imaging readily identified all coarctations but one, their site and extent, and involvement of the arch vessels. In addition, MR images depicted poststenotic dilatation and dilated collateral vessels. In patients studied postoperatively, restenosis could be evaluated, and complications such as postoperative aneurysm and perianastomotic hematoma were identified. MR imaging provides excellent anatomic detail of coarctation of the aorta, potentially obviating the need for angiography.
The performance of trellis-coded class-1 partial-response (TCPR1) is presented. A rate 8/10 partitioned matched-spectral-null (MSN) code for class-4 partial-response (PR4) is applied to class-1 ...partial-response (PR1) in this paper. A method to eliminate quasicatastrophic (QC) sequences on PR1 detector trellis is described. The performance of 8/10TCPR1 was better than that of 8/10TCPR4 at user density over 2.2 in simulation and much improved compared with 8/10PR1ML in practice. The conditions under which PR1 has performance advantages over PR4 are also presented.
The 8/10 DC-free code was developed into 8/10-PR1ML in azimuth recording. We previously discussed the performance of the 8/10 MSN code for Class 1 partial response (8/10 TCPR1) (1997). In this paper, ...TCPR1 and TCPR4 are applied to azimuth recording channels with cross-talk noise and white Gaussian noise. A simulated performance of several different user densities, azimuth angles and track pitches was carried out and the results presented. After determining suitable azimuth recording parameters for TCPR, we found a large off-track margin can be achieved on a removable medium such as magnetic tape.
Complex ventricular anomalies are frequently associated with abnormalities of thoracic and abdominal situs, arterioventricular connection, and venous connection. The definition of all components of ...these anomalies is difficult to accomplish with imaging techniques. This study compared the effectiveness of electrocardiographic (ECG) gated spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with cardiac angiography for the evaluation of all components of central cardiovascular anatomy in patients with the clinical diagnosis of single or common ventricle or complete atrioventricular (AV) septal (canal) defect. MRI studies and angiograms of 29 patients were evaluated independently. A sequential approach was used to define cardiac anatomy assessing nine anatomic features in each patient. MRI provided 261 observations and angiography provided 209 observations. In the mutual 209 observations, only 17 discrepancies were found. Comparison of MRI and angiography in individual cases showed that MRI was as effective as angiography in the depiction of ventricular anomalies, including determination of morphology and evaluation of the size of the ventricles, the orientation of the ventricular septum relative to the AV valves, as well as the origins and spatial relationships of the great arteries. MRI was more informative for the determination of thoracic and abdominal situs and systemic and pulmonary venoatrial connections, but was not as effective for the evaluation of semilunar valves. Thus MRI provides complete evaluation of central cardiovascular anatomy and is effective in the anatomic assessment of most components of complex ventricular anomalies.
An abstract of a study examining the factor structure of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI) Japanese version, using an exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the sample ...of primary caregivers caring for older person with dementia at home by Tsutsui and Higashino is presented. Results of the EFA indicated support for a three-factor solution: the personal restrictions, emotional strain, and caregiving responsibility, respectively. The CFA results supported only the three-factor oblique model, which means that the ZBI has three domains and these ZBI subscores can be estimated.
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