In this paper, a Local Integral Equation Method (LIEM) is presented for solving two-dimensional nonlocal elasticity problems . The approach is based on the Eringen’s model with LIEM and the ...interpolation using the radial basis functions to obtain the numerical solutions for 2D problems. A weak form for the set of governing equations with a unit test function is transformed into the local integral equations. The meshless approximation technique with radial basis functions is employed for the implementation of displacements. A set of the local domain integrals is obtained in analytical form for the local elasticity and by using a standard integral scheme for the nonlocal elasticity. Three examples are presented to demonstrate the convergence and accuracy of LIEM including a rectangular plate, disk and a plate containing a circular hole subjected to a uniformly distributed displacement or tensile load. Comparisons have been made with the solutions of one dimension problems and other numerical techniques including the finite integration method, the finite/boundary element methods.
The title compound, C
11
H
10
N
2
O
2
S
2
, crystallizes with one complete molecule in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, weak hydrogen bonding is observed between the N-oxide moieties and several ...C—H units.
The Doppler backscattering (DBS) diagnostic, also referred to as Doppler reflectometry, measures turbulent density fluctuations of intermediate length scales. However, when the beam's wavevector is ...not properly aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field, the backscattered power is attenuated. In previous work, we used beam tracing and reciprocity to derive this mismatch attenuation quantitatively. In this paper, we applied our model, in the small but finite mismatch limit, to a several new cases. We compared our predictions with multiple O-mode channels for the first time. We then identified a \(\sim 3^{\circ}\) error in the MAST Q-band's quasioptics, showing that our model is useful for commissioning DBS diagnostics. For both O- and X-mode, we compared experimental data with our model's predictions at multiple times during the shots, unlike our previous work, where only a single time was analysed. Finally, we analysed other contributions to the backscattered signal, evaluating how much they affect our measurements of mismatch attenuation, giving comparisons with data from both MAST and MAST-U. This paper's detailed study systematically validates and demonstrates the usefulness of our model for quantitatively interpreting DBS data from spherical tokamaks.
The standard (po= 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation for crystalline 3-methoxy-2-nitro-, 4-methoxy-3-nitro-, and 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid were derived from the standard molar enthalpies of ...combustion, in oxygen, at the temperature 298.15 K, measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry; the Knudsen mass-loss effusion technique was used to measure the vapour pressures of these crystals as functions of temperature, and the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation, at T= 298.15 K, were derived by the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The standard molar enthalpies of sublimation, at T= 298.15 K, for the three nitrobenzoic acids were also determined using the Knudsen mass-loss effusion technique.The standard molar enthalpies of formation in the gaseous state are shown to fit a group additivity scheme.
As part of an upper level undergraduate developmental biology course at the University of Minnesota Duluth, we developed a unit in which students carried out original research as part of a ...cooperative class project. Students had the opportunity to gain experience in the scientific method from experimental design all of the way through to the preparation of publication on their research that included text, figures, and tables. This kind of inquiry-based learning has been shown to have many benefits for students, including increased long-term learning and a better understanding of the process of scientific discovery. In our project, students designed experiments to explore why zebrafish typically spawn in the first few hours after the lights come on in the morning. The results of our experiments suggest that spawning still occurs when the dark-to-light transition is altered or absent. This is consistent with the work of others that demonstrates that rhythmic spawning behavior is regulated by an endogenous circadian clock. Our successes and failures carrying out original research as part of an undergraduate course should contribute to the growing approaches for using zebrafish to bring the excitement of experimental science to the classroom.
New results from MAST are presented that focus on validating models in order to extrapolate to future devices. Measurements during start-up experiments have shown how the bulk ion temperature rise ...scales with the square of the reconnecting field. During the current ramp up models are not able to correctly predict the current diffusion. Experiments have been performed looking at edge and core turbulence. At the edge detailed studies have revealed how filament characteristic are responsible for determining the near and far SOL density profiles. In the core the intrinsic rotation and electron scale turbulence have been measured. The role that the fast ion gradient has on redistributing fast ions through fishbone modes has led to a redesign of the neutral beam injector on MAST Upgrade. In H-mode the turbulence at the pedestal top has been shown to be consistent with being due to electron temperature gradient modes. A reconnection process appears to occur during ELMs and the number of filaments released determines the power profile at the divertor. Resonant magnetic perturbations can mitigate ELMs provided the edge peeling response is maximised and the core kink response minimised. The mitigation of intrinsic error fields with toroidal mode number n>1 has been shown to be important for plasma performance.
The type I ELMy H-mode is the baseline operating scenario for ITER. While it is known that the type I ELM ultimately results from the peeling-ballooning instability, there is growing experimental ...evidence that a mode grows up before the ELM crash that may modify the edge plasma, which then leads to the ELM event due to the peeling-ballooning mode. The triggered mode results in the release of a large number of particles and energy from the core plasma but the precise mechanism by which these losses occur is still not fully understood and hence makes predictions for future devices uncertain. Our current understanding of the processes that trigger type I ELMs and the size of the resultant energy loss are reviewed and compared to experimental data and ideas for further development are discussed.
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