This paper was accepted by Stefan Scholtes, healthcare management.
Conflict of Interest Statement:
E. D. Shah has consulted or served on advisory boards for Ardelyx, GI Supply, Mahana, Mylan, ...Neuraxis, Salix, Sanofi, and Takeda.
Funding:
E. D. Shah is funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grant NIH 1K23DK134752.
All-solid-state Li-batteries using solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) offer enhanced safety over conventional Li-ion batteries with organic liquid electrolytes due to the nonflammable nature of SSEs. ...The superior mechanical strength of SSEs can also protect against Li dendrite penetration, which enables the use of the highest specific capacity (3861 mAh/g) and lowest redox potential (−3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) anode: Li metal. However, contact between the Li metal and SSEs presents a major challenge, where a large polarization occurs at the Li metal/SSE interface. Here, the chemical properties of a promising oxide-based SSE (garnet) changed from “super-lithiophobicity” to “super-lithiophilicity” through an ultrathin coating of amorphous Si deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The wettability transition is due to the reaction between Li and Si and the in situ formation of lithiated Si. As a result, symmetric cells composed of a Si-coated garnet-structured SSE and Li metal electrodes exhibited much smaller impedance and excellent stability upon plating/stripping cycles compared to cells using bare garnet SSE. Specifically, the interfacial resistance between Li and garnet dramatically decreased from 925 to 127 Ω cm2 when lithiated Si was formed on the garnet. Our discovery of switchable lithiophobic-lithiophilic surfaces to improve the Li metal/SSE interface opens opportunities for improving many other SSEs.
Highlights • Drosophila engage in a complex repertoire of aggressive behaviors. • Sensory cues from conspecific competitors, potential mates and food resources drive aggression in males. • Specific ...populations of aminergic and peptidergic neurons that modulate aggression have been identified. • P1 neurons trigger a persistent internal state that promotes both male courtship and aggression. • Social experience modifies aggressive behavior on short and long-term timescales.
Because of the rise in antibiotic resistance and the dwindling pipeline of effective antibiotics, it is imperative to explore avenues that breathe new life into existing drugs. This is particularly ...important for intrinsically resistant Gram-negative bacteria, which are exceedingly difficult to treat. The Gram-negative outer membrane (OM) prevents the entry of a plethora of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, despite the presence of the targets of these drugs. Uncovering molecules that increase the permeability of the OM to sensitize Gram-negative bacteria to otherwise ineffective antibiotics is an approach that has recently garnered increased attention in the field. In this review, we survey chemical matter which has been shown to potentiate antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria by perturbing the OM. These include peptides, nanoparticles, macromolecules, antibiotic conjugates, and small molecules.
In response to the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a number of labs across the world have reallocated their time and resources to better our understanding of the virus. For some viruses, including ...SARS-CoV-2, viral proteins can undergo phase separation: a biophysical process often related to the partitioning of protein and RNA into membraneless organelles in vivo. In this review, we discuss emerging observations of phase separation by the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein—an essential viral protein required for viral replication—and the possible in vivo functions that have been proposed for N-protein phase separation, including viral replication, viral genomic RNA packaging, and modulation of host-cell response to infection. Additionally, since a relatively large number of studies examining SARS-CoV-2 N-protein phase separation have been published in a short span of time, we take advantage of this situation to compare results from similar experiments across studies. Our evaluation highlights potential strengths and pitfalls of drawing conclusions from a single set of experiments, as well as the value of publishing overlapping scientific observations performed simultaneously by multiple labs.
“Theory of Mind” (ToM; people’s ability to infer and use information about others’ mental states) varies across cultures. In four studies (N = 881), including two preregistered replications, we show ...that social class predicts performance on ToM tasks. In Studies 1A and 1B, we provide new evidence for a relationship between social class and emotion perception: Higher-class individuals performed more poorly than their lower-class counterparts on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, which has participants infer the emotional states of targets from images of their eyes. In Studies 2A and 2B, we provide the first evidence that social class predicts visual perspective taking: Higher-class individuals made more errors than lower-class individuals in the Director Task, which requires participants to assume the visual perspective of another person. Potential mechanisms linking social class to performance in different ToM domains, as well as implications for deficiency-centered perspectives on low social class, are discussed.
Table of Contents Preamble2647 Introduction2649 Methodology and Evidence Review2649 Organization of the GWC2649 Document Review and Approval2649 Scope of the CPG2650 Overview of ACS2650 Initial ...Evaluation and Management: Recommendations2650 Clinical Assessment and Initial Evaluation2650 Emergency Department or Outpatient Facility Presentation2650 Prognosis--Early Risk Stratification2650 Cardiac Biomarkers and the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction2654 Biomarkers: Diagnosis2654 Biomarkers: Prognosis2654 Discharge From the ED or Chest Pain Unit2655 Early Hospital Care: Recommendations2655 Standard Medical Therapies2655 Oxygen2655 Nitrates2655 Analgesic Therapy2655 Beta-Adrenergic Blockers2656 Calcium Channel Blockers2657 Cholesterol Management2657 Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System2657 Initial Antiplatelet/Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients With Definite or Likely NSTE-ACS2657 Initial Oral and Intravenous Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Definite or Likely NSTE-ACS Treated With an Initial Invasive or Ischemia-Guided Strategy2657 Initial Parenteral Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients With Definite NSTE-ACS2659 Ischemia-Guided Strategy Versus Early Invasive Strategies2659 Early Invasive and Ischemia-Guided Strategies2659 Risk Stratification Before Discharge for Patients With an Ischemia-Guided Strategy of NSTE-ACS2661 Myocardial Revascularization: Recommendations2661 PCI--General Considerations2661 PCI--Oral and Intravenous Antiplatelet Agents2661 PCI--GP IIb/IIIa Inhibitors2662 Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients Undergoing PCI2663 Timing of Urgent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft in Patients With NSTE-ACS in Relation to Use of Antiplatelet Agents2663 Late Hospital Care, Hospital Discharge, and Posthospital Discharge Care: Recommendations2663 Medical Regimen and Use of Medications at Discharge2663 Late Hospital and Posthospital Oral Antiplatelet Therapy2664 Combined Oral Anticoagulant Therapy and Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With NSTE-ACS2664 Risk Reduction Strategies for Secondary Prevention2664 Plan of Care for Patients With NSTE-ACS2665 Special Patient Groups: Recommendations2665 NSTE-ACS in Older Patients2665 Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock2665 Diabetes Mellitus2667 Post-CABG2668 Perioperative NSTE-ACS Related to Noncardiac Surgery2668 Chronic Kidney Disease2668 Women2668 Anemia, Bleeding, and Transfusion2668 Cocaine and Methamphetamine Users2668 Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) Angina2668 ACS With Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries2669 Stress (Takotsubo) Cardiomyopathy2669 Quality of Care and Outcomes for ACS--Use of Performance Measures and Registries: Recommendation2669 Summary and Evidence Gaps2669 References2670 Appendix 1 Author Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant)2680 Appendix 2 Reviewer Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant)2683 Preamble The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) are committed to the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases through professional education and research for clinicians, providers, and patients. Since 1980, the ACC and AHA have shared a responsibility to translate scientific evidence into clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) with recommendations to standardize and improve cardiovascular health.
It is widely recognized that the stoichiometry of nutrient elements in phytoplankton varies within the ocean. However, there are many conflicting mechanistic explanations for this variability, and it ...is often ignored in global biogeochemical models and carbon cycle simulations. Here we show that globally distributed particulate P:C varies as a linear function of ambient phosphate concentrations, whereas the N:C varies with ambient nitrate concentrations, but only when nitrate is most scarce. This observation is consistent with the adjustment of the phytoplankton community to local nutrient availability, with greater flexibility of phytoplankton P:C because P is a less abundant cellular component than N. This simple relationship is shown to predict the large-scale, long-term average composition of surface particles throughout large parts of the ocean remarkably well. The relationship implies that most of the observed variation in N:P actually arises from a greater plasticity in the cellular P:C content, relative to N:C, such that as overall macronutrient concentrations decrease, N:P rises. Although other mechanisms are certainly also relevant, this simple relationship can be applied as a first-order basis for predicting organic matter stoichiometry in large-scale biogeochemical models, as illustrated using a simple box model. The results show that including variable P:C makes atmospheric CO â more sensitive to changes in low latitude export and ocean circulation than a fixed-stoichiometry model. In addition, variable P:C weakens the relationship between preformed phosphate and atmospheric CO â while implying a more important role for the nitrogen cycle.
Solid-state batteries with desirable advantages, including high-energy density, wide temperature tolerance, and fewer safety-concerns, have been considered as a promising energy storage technology to ...replace organic liquid electrolyte-dominated Li-ion batteries. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) as the most critical component in solid-state batteries largely lead the future battery development. Among different types of solid-state electrolytes, garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid-state electrolytes have particularly high ionic conductivity (10–3 to 10–4 S/cm) and good chemical stability against Li metal, offering a great opportunity for solid-state Li-metal batteries. Since the discovery of garnet-type LLZO in 2007, there has been an increasing interest in the development of garnet-type solid-state electrolytes and all solid-state batteries. Garnet-type electrolyte has been considered one of the most promising and important solid-state electrolytes for batteries with potential benefits in energy density, electrochemical stability, high temperature stability, and safety. In this Review, we will survey recent development of garnet-type LLZO electrolytes with discussions of experimental studies and theoretical results in parallel, LLZO electrolyte synthesis strategies and modifications, stability of garnet solid electrolytes/electrodes, emerging nanostructure designs, degradation mechanisms and mitigations, and battery architectures and integrations. We will also provide a target-oriented research overview of garnet-type LLZO electrolyte and its application in various types of solid-state battery concepts (e.g., Li-ion, Li–S, and Li–air), and we will show opportunities and perspectives as guides for future development of solid electrolytes and solid-state batteries.
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